Free Essays - Janies Metamorphosis in Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Janie's Metamorphosis in Their Eyes Were Watching God Their Eyes Were Watching God is a story about identity and reality to say the least. Each stage in Janie's life was a shaping moment. Her exact metamorphosis, while ambiguous was quite significant. Janie's psychological identification was molded by many people, foremost, Nanny, her grandmother and her established companions. Reality, identity, and experience go hand in hand in philosophy, identity is shaped by experience and with experience you accept reality. Life is irrefutably the search for identity and the shaping of it through the acceptance of reality and the experiences in life. Identity is something every human quests for. Individuals tend to manipulate views, ideas, and prerogative. Janie's identity became clay in her family and friends hands. Most noteworthy was Janie's grandmother, Nanny. Janie blossomed into a young woman with an open mind and embryonic perspective on life. Being a young, willing, and full of life, Janie made the "fatal mistake" of becoming involved in the follies of an infatuation with the opposite sex. With this phase in Janie's life Nanny's first strong hold on Janie's neck flexed its grip. Preoccupation with romantic love took the backseat to Nanny's stern view on settling down with someone with financial stability. Hence, Janie's identity went through its first of many transformations. She fought within her self, torn between her adolescent sanction and Nanny's harsh limitations, but final gave way and became a cast of Nanny's reformation. For a short time Janie shared her life with her betrothed husband Logan Killicks. She desperately tried to become her new pseudo identity, to conform to the perfect "housewife" persona. Trying to make a marriage work that couldn't survive without love, love that Janie didn't have for Logan. Time and again Janie referred to love and her life in reference to nature, "Ah wants things sweet wid mah marriage lak when you sit under a pear tree and think... She often spoke to falling seeds and said Ah hope you fall on soft grounds... She knew the world was a stallion rolling in the blue pasture of ether"(24 - 25). Logan had blown out the hope in Janie's heart for any real love; she experienced the death of the childish imagery that life isn't a fairytale, her first dose of reality encountered and it tasted sour.

Market Potential for Packaged Water Industry in India

Market Demand and Market Potential in Packaged Water Industry in India Packaged water or Bottled water industry, colloquially called, the mineral water industry, is a symbol of new life style emerging in India. Use of mineral water has gradually increased in India due so widespread shortage of pure hygienic potable water. While a large segment of the population is struggling to get access to potable water supply, a new generation – especially in the urban areas – is getting accustomed to bottled water. Drinking water supplies in many parts of India are intermittent. Transmission and distribution networks for water are generally old and badly maintained, and as a result, are deteriorating. India is one of the biggest and most attractive water markets in the world. It is considered the 10th largest packaged water consumer country in the world. The boom time for Indian bottled water industry is to continue- more so because the economics are sound, the bottom line is fat and the Indian government hardly cares for what happens to the nation's water resources. Corporate control over water and water distribution in India is growing rapidly from being confined to the uppermost echelons of society, packaged water has now become a commonplace commodity and almost a necessity in metros. After witnessing historic growth in recent years, it has become a Rs 3,000-Crore industry, one that is slated to only post healthy growth rates to become a Rs 10,000-crore business in a short span of time. The market in India has grown tremendously over past decade and is said to have a humongous growth rate of 38% per annum as against an international growth rate of 7. %. Market experts observe that there are more than 1800 water brands in India, of which are most are local or regional brands which are often classified as unorganized sector. The key brands in the organised sector include Bisleri (Parle), Kinley (Coca-Cola), Oxyrich (Manikchand), Aquafina (Pepsi Foods), etc. In this industry it is popularly said DEMAND OF WATER WOULD NEVER GO DOWN†¦ & WATER WOULD NEVER BE OUT OF BUSINESS While the single largest share in the mineral water market might still belong to an Indian brand — Parle's $52 million (Rs. . 5 billion) Bisleri brand has a 40 percent share — multi-national corporations are not far behind. It has been a pioneer in launching the concept of packaged drinking water in India. It has been so popular with the masses that even today most of the people refer to mineral or packaged water as ‘Bisleri'. Nestle and Danone are vying to purchase Bisleri, and Pepsi's Aquafina and Coke's Kinley brands have been extremely successful in edging out many of the small and medium players to buy-outs and exclusive licensing deals. In less than two years since its launch, Aquafina has cornered 11 percent of the market and Kinley has almost a third of the market. News reports indicate that other MNCs like Unilever are also eying the market. Today packaged water is the fastest growing industry in the beverage sector. Western region of India – the largest market The western region, that is Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa, accounts for a large chunk of around 35-40% of the overall domestic market. Key players in the western region such as the Manikchand Group, Coca-Cola India, Amul India, are keenly contemplating organic and inorganic growth strategies, launch of new brands, venturing into newer segments and so on. Companies in the region are using a combination of various strategies to tap business opportunities such as tie-ups with cinema halls, retail outlets, hotels, hospitals, super markets, institutions and other distribution channels, which abound in the western region of the country. Managing logistics is at the core for the success of bottled water manufacturers. Indeed, groups like Amul India are deliberating using its existing retail network to market and distribute its bottled water. This region is also poised to make a notable contribution to the great Indian bottled water growth story in terms of taking lead in launching water variants and newer sub-segments like mineral water, spring water, flavored water and so on. Here also Biseri has emerged as a market leader. Further Scope of Growth in the Industry As the purchasing power and health and hygiene consciousness of Indian consumers improves, the consumption per person is likely to grow exponentially. Not surprisingly, the market is estimated to reach the Rs 5,000 crore mark by 2010. Going a step further, more optimistic market experts anticipate a 20 fold leap from the current market size within the next 10-12 years. Apart from increasing affluence among domestic consumers, exports would provide a further trigger to the industry. Exports of natural water, particularly to US and Europe, would drive growth for domestic players. As per industry forecasts, the demand for potable water is expected to exceed supply by 2020. Not surprisingly, given the lucrative western market and robust growth prospects, many large Indian corporate houses and multinational companies are interested in acquiring strong Indian brands. The acquisition of Mount Everest Mineral Water by the Tata group is testimony to this trend under which Tata Tea plans to leverage its existing overseas network to distribute natural water, the world over. Also with the increasing international tourism demand for hygienically packaged water is expected to grow manifolds especially with the Commonwealth Games in October 2010. Thus despite recording exceptional growth rate in past, packaged water industry has a huge growth potential in terms of market size. There are still rural and semi rural areas to capture. With 19% share of the unorganized sector low priced segments are still left un captured.

Comparison of Newspaper Articles - 624 Words

Comparison of Newspaper Articles I have chosen two articles about the same story from two contrasting newspapers, one a tabloid and one a broadsheet. The tabloid I have chosen is The Mirror and the broadsheet is The Times. Both articles are taken from the papers of Tuesday 22nd October 2001. They cover the story about the outbreak of Anthrax in Washington DC where two postal workers died. I think the Mirror is aimed at people who do not want to read the news in great detail and just want to know the essential facts. I think this because of the language used, sensational headlines and startling pictures. The Times on the other hand tends to present the facts in a more informative way being†¦show more content†¦Other reasons why it is not as intimidating is that it is written in a much smaller font and is not in capitals. This headline is more informative to the reader than the one in The Mirror. It tells you where the story happened and that it was only an alert. Along with the abnormally large headline, the article in The Mirror also has a photograph of the postal workers at a hospital in Washington waiting to have anthrax tests. The article also has three major bullet points on the story. These plus the headline and the photograph make up approximately 80% of the article. This shows that there is not much writing on the story. However in The Times most of the article is writing. The bullet points in The Mirrors article are very useful to a person who just scans the newspapers. They tell the reader what has happened in a very effective way. US postmen killed by disease this bullet point personifies the disease, it makes it out to be a murderer. This piece is very emotive. Another two fighting for life and Nine others show symptoms are also very emotive and grab the readers attention. The language used throughout the articles is also very contrasting. The Mirror uses words that are far simpler to understand while on the other hand The Times uses more technical terminology. For example, in theShow MoreRelatedA Comparison of Two Newspaper Articles780 Words   |  4 PagesA Comparison of Two Newspaper Articles In this coursework B I would be comparing two news articles from two different sources. This coursework will be divided into three parts. The background and context, the view of both articles i.e. use of languages, headlines, quotes used e.t.c the last part will be my opinion and the conclusion. The main idea is to compare two news articles about a prison called Guantanomo bay in Cubaand how the prisoners are being treated,Read MoreComparison of Two Newspaper Articles1280 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of Two Newspaper Articles These two articles are about asylum seekers. Both articles agree that there are too many asylum seekers, but are presented in a very different way to each other. Article one is a shorter more aggressive tract, not intended to make the reader think about the article but just to instantly agree with it. Article two however stands back and looks at the problem, why it has arisen and suggests ways that there can be resolutions. Both papersRead MoreA Comparison of Two Newspaper Articles989 Words   |  4 PagesA Comparison of Two Newspaper Articles In this essay I will be comparing two articles taken from local newspapers in different areas. I will be looking at the techniques used in each article and their effectiveness. I will use this comparison to eventually decide which article is the more effectiveRead MoreA Comparison of Three Newspapers Articles on the Same Topic2581 Words   |  11 PagesA Comparison of Three Newspapers Articles on the Same Topic In my essay, I shall compare the way in which three news publications, The Mirror, an example of the popular press, The Times, an example of the quality press and Newsweek, an American publication reported the same incident. Using these three reports, I shall compare the variations and similarities in the amount of factual information given, the interviews used, the language employed and finally, the layoutRead MoreMedia Acts And Its Impact On Society1190 Words   |  5 Pagesan integral factor in creating and undoing social bonds, as well as communicating topics which enable social transformation. It is generally considered that political and economic subjects are rational and thus are treated as ‘men’s issues’, in comparison to social and cultural themes expressed as sensitive and accordingly correlated with femininity (Stevenson 1995). Although this is open to much criticism in terms of gender inequality, it is undoubtable that gender equality is progressing. WomenRead MoreAboriginal Women in Canada Essays1375 Words   |  6 Pageswomen’s struggle for rights and identity in Canada. To search relevant newspaper articles for this topic, the databases that were used were Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, as well as Canadian Newsstand Major Dailies. The reason these two databases were chosen was because Canadian Newsstand offered articles from multiple newspapers in the country, therefore providing me with diverse news in different provinces other than Ontario. 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However, in comparison to the past, nowadays, the modernisation of technology, the change of social patterns and political conditions somewhat change how the media works (Gerth Siegert 2012). In their article stated that media companies are predominantly private-owned companies, thus, the media are more to market orientation. Therefore, the media are not necessarilyRead MoreCause Of Racial Discrimination1039 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversy that endorsed the idea of white supremacist such as the San Francisco Examiner and in comparison, to the mainstream media that conveyed an unbiased tone to its readers except for the columnist Westbrook Pegler in â€Å"Fair Enough†. The African American media outlets tried to refute and defended themselves from the stigma placed on them by the white media. In the twentieth century, newspaper medias focused on implanting their political bias agenda to their reader to reinforce their ideaRead MoreThe Use of Metaphors and Epithets in Business Texts891 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish deals with specific lexis: acronyms, abbreviations; and other lexical features that has to be taken in consideration when reading, translating or comprehending texts and newspaper articles. The feature that we are focusing on in this paper is the use of metaphors and epithets in business related articles. The reason for this particular choice is quite simple, as basically a substantial part of all research in the field of Business English focused on the practical facet of comprehending

The Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society - 950 Words

REVOLUSTUIN OF LERANING What is definition of new education? People get educated from School, home and society, so learning method change during the period of time. Education stared to fight with illiteracy and the most beneficial of formal education is decreasing number of illiterate people in the world since last decades. According to short â€Å"The Human Cost Of an illiterate society† Kozol agues how illiterates stop a society to be more development â€Å"The number of illiterates adults exceeds by 16 million the entire vote cast for the winner in 1980 presidential contest†(Kozel94). Later, Baker in â€Å"School Vs. Education â€Å" argues how education in not enough for children in schools Even though education is essential and valuable, present education system should constantly being reviewed and updated in grading method, using technology, and adding hands-on learning to be support todays society and industries demands. The grading system is failed cause student focus on score and being on top of the class. In school, children may learn basic academic skills. Also, they may discover social knowledge by attending at the school, which the educational system base for testing and grading; therefore, they will evaluate with marks and understand of teacher’s technique â€Å"This stage lasts twelve years, a period during which the child learns that success comes from telling testers what that want to hear†(Baker 72). In fact this structure helps student to prepare forShow MoreRelatedThe Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society989 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society† In the essay, â€Å"The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society† written by Jonathan Kozol and originally published in the book, â€Å"Illiterate America†, is a bundle of examples of how people who are illiterate live every day. It showcases the hardships they go through, and how much of a problem it is. He had quotes from various interviews with people who are illiterate, and how many become distrustful of people trying to explain what the written documentRead MoreThe Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society1048 Words   |  5 PagesAre illiterates just people who exist? Do they just walk around aimlessly, never knowing what to do? â€Å"Illiterates live, in more than literal ways, an uninsured existence,† says Jonathan Kozol. In Kozol’s article, â€Å"The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society,† he intensely describes how illiteracy can impact both the illiterate and those surrounding him. There is a tragic human cost for an illiterate society. If people a re unable to read, then what can they do? In this case, the least taken-for-grantedRead MoreThe Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society By Jonathan Kozol946 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom 2003, 99% of the total population ages 15 and over can read and write (CIA Library). Thus, one can conclude illiteracy is not a crisis. 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According to Kozol’s essay The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society the government, administration, and people of high power live by the beginning of the quote (Kozol, The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society). They help someone illiterate make a living until the person is out of their control. Ye t the government, administrations, and society maintain control through illiteracyRead MoreIphone Collection Of Biometric Identification Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pagesis designed to serve two main segments of the society who are the elderly and the blind people. 2) Objectives of the project: To serve the community, as the elderly and the blind represent a large segment of society by facilitate their lives and reduce their dependence on others, this wallet is able to read and calculate the amount of money and deliver the information audible. In addition, we seek to make the product available to all strata of society through its appropriate price. 3) Current situation

Wal-Mart’s Organizational Structure Essay - 1413 Words

Wal-Mart’s Organizational Structure Damaris Medina MGT/230 September 13, 2012 Dan Kassmeier Every company has their own form of organizational structure. Whether the business is big or small, an organizational structure is needed in order to have a successful business. An organizational structure helps put the business in order to make sure there are no problems in the future, but what is an organizational structure? It is how the reporting structure is organized. There are many types of organizational structures. Some examples of organizational structures are, the functional, matrix, and divisional structures (Bateman amp; Snell, , 2011). When business owners are planning a structure for their business, it is important to know†¦show more content†¦Just because a business has the right structure does not mean they will have a thriving business. Not having the right controls can hurt a business just as much as not having the right structure that for the business. It is critical that all businesses have the right structure. The structure and the controls can very mu ch determine whether or not the business will thrive the business world or if it will fail and crash. Business owners should have time to think about what structure best suits their new or existing business (, , 1991). Wal-Mart is a major shopping corporation. With stores across the world, they are one of the largest shopping centers (Walmart, 2012). Being that they are a complex corporation, they need to have a strong, very well thought out, organizational structure. Wal-Mart uses the matrix structure. A matrix organization is â€Å"an organization composed of a dual reporting relationships in which some managers report to two superiors† (Bateman amp; Snell, , 2011). The system includes different levels of management. Wal-Mart has many levels of management. They have management for international and domestic needs. They were able to come up with a structure that would best suit their business and its complexity. Being that Wal-Mart is a major company, it is highly importa nt that their organizational structure is well organized. Wal-Mart is one company that cannot afford to have any issuesShow MoreRelatedWal Mart : The World s Largest978 Words   |  4 Pages Wal-Mart — the world’s largest, most dominant retailer and private employer. Established a highly profitable business centered on a low-cost strategy and utilizes logistical efficiencies to create a competitive advantage. Incorporated in 1962, but established in Canada only in 1994. Selling in 15 countries, Wal-Mart has more than 395 stores just in Canada thus employing in over 8000 stores. Providing each and every job with a specialization, the employees felt a sense of enrichment and prideRead MoreWal Mart : The World s Largest Most Dominant Retailer And Private Employer990 Words   |  4 PagesWal-Mart — the world’s largest most dominant retailer and private employer. Established a highly profitable business centered on a low-cost strategy and utilizes logistical efficiencies to create a competitive advantage. This is a general merchandise discount retailer that was incorporated in 1962 but yet, only established in Canada in 1994. Selling in 15 countries, Wal-Mart has more than 395 stores just in Canada thus employing in over 8000 stores and a job specialization is met for each of theseRead MoreWal Mart s Employee Relations Essay835 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Sam Walton founded Wal-Mart in 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas. Currently, Wal-Mart has an annual revenue of $485,000,000,000 and over two million employees. Wal-Mart is ranked as the largest retailer in the world. Their NAICS number is 45291 and SIC number is 5331 (Mergent, 2016). Wal-Mart has two main organizational challenges, communication through management and employee relations. Several lawsuits have been brought against Wal-Mart on behalf of its employees in recent years (PanmoreRead MoreOrganizational Structure1479 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Organizational Structure Organizational Structure Paper Team C University of Phoenix MGT 330 – Theory, Practices amp; Application Instructor: Fred Schaum July 13, 2010 Abstract Wal-Mart is one of the largest corporations around the globe. Wal-Mart serves customers and members more than 200 million times per week at more than 8,446 retail units under 55 different banners in 15 countries. With fiscal year 2010 sales of $405 billion, Wal-Mart employs more than 2.1 millionRead MoreEssay on Wal-Mart International Division1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe International Division at Wal-Mart International Business: Strategy Structure October 10th, 2012 Introduction I would like to begin stating the reason why I decided to choose this case and, above all, this topic. Since the beginning of my academic career field I’ve always found more interesting the â€Å"human† side of business sciences, especially those concerning the behavior of organizations in the environment in which they operate and consequentially of the people that materially makeRead MoreLeadership Is A Rare Quality1386 Words   |  6 Pagescompany that will feature in this paper is Wal-Mart. It appeared first among the Fortune 500 companies owing to its excellent achievements in the past year, but its general establishment as one of the world’s top retailer over the decades cannot be ignored either (Fortune, 2015). With that in mind, this paper sets out to identify, analyze and assess Wal-Mart’s success in the previous year that warrants its position as the world’s best organization. History of Wal-Mart Business persons have criticizedRead MoreWal-Mart and Hr Issues1125 Words   |  5 Pages------------------------------------------------- Wal-Mart ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- DATE: February 16, 2009 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- SUBJECT: Staffing at Wal-Mart Stores Inc. ------------------------------------------------- Wal-Mart’s employs 930,000 people domestically and internationallyRead MoreMgt B399 Exam Paper1539 Words   |  7 PagesSpecimen Exam Paper BA OUHK PART A Question 1 (a) Describe the role of organizational control and organizational culture play in strategy implementation. (20 marks) Organizational controls guide the use of strategy, indicate how to compare actual and expected results, and suggest actions to take to improve performance when it falls below expectations. When properly matched with the strategy for which they were intended, structure and controls can be a competitive advantage. Strategic controls (largelyRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization1085 Words   |  5 PagesAn organizational structure is a composition that specifies a company s hierarchical structure. There are various kinds of conformations that organizations can choose to build their business around. The organizational structure exemplifies the way in which control and business affairs have been appointed within the organization. Organizational structure encompasses the design of an organization though people positioning and responsibilities in order for organizational goals can be reached. SomeRead MoreWalmarts Organizational Strategy573 Words   |  2 PagesWal-Mart Wal-Marts organizational strategy is designed to be the low cost leader. Strategy means the pattern of purposes and policies that defines the organization and its missions and that positions it relative to its environment (Anonymous, 2008). Being the low cost leader and this mentality runs throughout the entire organization and dictates all of its policies and dictates the way that the company utilizes its resources. For example, the company devotes a significant portion of their resources

Conquering the Competition free essay sample

When I tell people I want to be a doctor, they usually say something like â€Å"oh, how wonderful!† or, â€Å"that’s really neat!†. But oftentimes they give me a look that plainly says, â€Å"you’re crazy.† Why would they think I’m crazy? Because medical school is one of, if not the most difficult challenges on the face of the Earth. It challenges you mentally, emotionally, and physically. It is tougher than tough, and it’s also extremely hard to even get into. So what sets me apart from the other thousands of young adults who are going to apply for medical school? My ability to be the best. I might sound very conceited, but that is the kind of determination needed to get into and through medical school. I am the best because I have a steely determination. Of course, all the competition has that as well. But I am willing to give up anything and everything to achieve my goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Conquering the Competition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am willing to give up friends, relationships, an easy way of life. I will even give up sleep, happiness, and sometimes food. I am not kidding around here. There is only one way to get to medical school, and that is to constantly move forward and be the best. There is only one way to get through medical school once I’m in, and that’s to army crawl through hell (figuratively speaking, of course). I am a nice and compassionate person, which will make me a good doctor. But at the same time, I can get the job done. I can be merciless to my competition, and I intend to do just that. It may be against my personality. But I’ll do anything to achieve that ultimate goal of being a doctor.

Salem Witch Trial Essays - Salem Witch Trials, Tituba, Witchcraft

Salem Witch Trial This is about witchcraft and is started like this: In the winter of 1691-92, several people in Salem Village, most of them young women, but eventually including a few men and boys, began behaving in a strange , with an affect which was interpreted as illness. The town's minister, Samuel Parris, whose daughter and niece were among those with this odd affect, sought to cure the perceived problem with prayer; others, including a doctor of physic who was called in, felt that the people in question were afflicted with a witch's supernatural curse, and this diagnosis came to be accepted as true. Friends and relatives prompted the afflicted people to name their supposed tormentors. On 29 February 1691/92, after over a month of acting oddly, the afflicted named three local women as witches. One of these women, a slave of Mr. Parris named Tituba, said, when questioned, that she was a witch, that the two others arrested were witches, and that there were two other women and a man from Boston in volved. Shrewdly or luckily, Tituba had realized that the best thing she could do in her situation was to tell the investigators what they wanted to hear. Thus the diagnosis -- of affliction by witches -- was proven to be correct, and at the same time the extent of the perceived problem expanded from three to who knew how many. The strange affect of Parris's children and an increasing number of others continued, and these afflicted continued to supply names of supposed witches. By the end of the year there were about Fifty persons with the affect of being afflicted, nineteen people and two dogs had been hung for witchcraft, another had been tortured to death, five had died in prison from lack of proper food or shelter, and the jails were full with those awaiting trial. In 1768, Hutchinson published the first history of this witch panic. He considered whether the afflicted were under bodily distempers, or altogether guilty of fraud and imposture, and decided in favor of fraud. In 1831 Charles Upham agreed: the afflicted had acted with a malicious disposition to wreak vengeance upon enemies In 1867, however, Upham was less certain: it was almost beyond belief that they were wholly actuated by deliberate and cold-blooded malignancy and it was hard to say how much may be attributed to such 'bodily distempers' ascredulity, hallucination, and the delirium of excitement. In 1949, Marion Starkey had no doubts: the afflicted's odd affect was entirely due to psychological 'distempers,' and she offered a pop-Freudian diagnosis of hysteria. In 1969, Hansen agreed with Starkey that the afflicted had been hysterical, presenting his view with the scholarship and language of the academy. Starkey's hysterical bobbysoxers diagnosis has entered the popular canon and school textbooks, while Hansen's verdict of hysterical in the scientific sense of that term has been accepted as true by the majority of scholars, Demos, McMillen, and even Karlsen, who treat the cause of affliction as settled and go on to other projects. While I see the cause as not settled, I will look instead at the way the same descriptions of affect have produced such mutually exclusive interpretations -- fraud and illness -- and suggest why fraud went entirely out of fashion, after being accepted for over a century, while hysteria came into fashion oddly, only Upham allows a mixture of fraud and illness. I will suggest that these shifts in interpretation are not founded on any new knowledge or new theories of psychology, but grow out of changes in cultural and ideological attitudes, especially toward women, and that they are made possible by the ambiguities of historical documents, by inadequate analys es of the explanations that were available in 1692, and occasionally by poor reasoning on the part of the historians. According to Calef, afflictions at Salem first appeared as crawling under furniture, using sundry odd Postures and Antick Gestures and saying foolish, ridiculous things. Twelve years old Abigail Williams, for example, charged around the Parris house, flapping her arms like wings and crying Whish, Whish .She was, in other words, playing. In a society that sought to prevent physical spontaneity, such behavior would usually