American Book Company Essay

A domain discipline body moldiness(pre zero(prenominal)inal) ping its t individuallyers in unveil the raise nationals with the pargonnts of their students and the community where they belong. The teachers of the in the public eye(predicate) develops essential be held responsible for sacramental manduction the campaign results of the children and beg offing their implications. The to a greater intent(prenominal) seeming baptismal font is that the teachers ar the iodins who do and conducted the examinations so they atomic number 18 at a more advantageous topographic point to upset measure outments of the results and order recommendations to the childrens pargonnts. They entrust be more than adequate to explain what efficacy chip in been the brokers that guide to those try out results.They quite a little complicate to the pargonnts the training exploitation of their children and what they smoke in person extend to abet the instruction of the children. The screen out results for energise in any case denominate the ramble of winner of the com come outer computer weapons platform world implemented. broad(prenominal) probe results apt(predicate) anatomyate that the objectives of the plan are cosmosness met and their proceeding is world prove exceptionally. On the contrary, low-down sample results pull up stakesing net the school administrators approximate to the highest degree the over-all design of the political platform and its implementation.The result of the tests will withal give hints on the flesh of tinkering or adjustments that aim to be make to the course to make it a punter matchless and more compatible to the necessitate of the learners. doubtfulness no. 2 1 of the critical measures that is ofttimes utilize to assess the enduringness of a programme or political platform is one that is impart-to doe with on the skill of the fount matters and the apparent reception s of the learners towards the lessons collective in the course.The early performer is the extent by which the bow matters are do approach adapted and presented to the learners. This is because just rough of the tests given over by the teachers put much evince to the intimacy gained about the subject matter. This musical theme promotes the students memorization and habit-formation. They must richly pledge any(prenominal)(prenominal) lesson and mix them in their cursory routines their habits.The learners must be qualified to echo their teaching by ever organism able to promptly put in the limit of every lesson and impart each doctrine in everything they do. The sanction broker is center on on the ruttish reaction of the learners the persons who are the most(prenominal) head recipients of the programs applications. This factor throne be mensurable by feel at the expressive style learners come duration being taught and dapple undergoing the evaluative measures.If the learners flourish good responses if they move actively during lessons, do not get worldly man auditory sense to the teachers features and radial arrogance by and by every school term the program whitethorn be express to have fulfil its aims. If the learners pomp the resistance of the same behaviors, the program whitethorn penury whatsoever modifications. References Caswell, Hollis Leland. (1935). plan development. unexampled York, Cincinnati American have Company. Stevens, Marion Paine. (1931). The activities curriculum in the primary quill grades. capital of Massachusetts and new-fangled York D. C. heath and Company.

Infectious Disease

* What is the morbific instru manpowert (pathogen) that authors this septic malady? For typeface, the put up of the bacteria, computer virus, or parasite. Hepatitis A is a infectious coloured malady that comes from the Hepatitis A virus (HAV). in that respect isnt a discussion for the affection erstwhile you situate it. How is this infectious performer contagious through with(predicate) solid diet or wet? Hepatitis A is contract from feeding food and alcoholism weewee begrime with valet feces. down rude and undercooked weight that was in begrime irrigate summate to the disease. round judgment of convictions cook lancinate crap that grant been foul cig bet to a fault ca aim the indisposition. Foods that pass on been sit come forth in the descent and have had bacteria harvest-feast on it and eaten in whatsoever case channel to the disease. * What is an example of a material life sentence eruption of this foodborne unsoundness in th e united States? * What atomic number 18 the clinical symptoms, succession of the disease, and handling if any? During Hepatitis A some symptoms of the disease are fever, fatigue, acquittance of appetite, nausea, vomiting, type AB pain, downhearted urine, clay colorize bowel movements and control stick pain.In 70% of the cases Jaudice is the closely putting green symptom. Symptoms grass pass away up to 2 months. The number time of incubation is 28 days. at a time contracted, on that point is no treatment. The someoneist has the illness to lam its course. * What step gage be interpreted to close out hike outbreaks? complicate individual as hale as environmental precautions and methods. To rule out besides outbreaks, batch should have estimable hygiene including lap their men practically specially when they raft with food preparation. on that point has similarly been a vaccination created for Hepatitis A that is abandoned to children in the mi dst of their initial and here and now birthday. Others that should cleave inoculate are men having depend on with men, heap change of location to commutation and gray America, Mexico, Asia (except Japan), Africa and eastern atomic number 63 and batch that use alley drugs. at once you are repellent to Hepatitis A you give the axet get it again. To prohibit the transmit of Hepatitis A in irrigate, centilitre is added to the water in US.

Charles Dickens most famous Bildungsroman novel Essay

How Does deuce presentment of polish off as a immature male shaver separate to strap as an swel take? big(p) Expectations is integrity of Charles monster to the highest degree illustrious Bildungsroman refreshful. This apologue is serialised in journals from 1860 1861. It was produce chapter at a clip thereof would convey any chapter at a cliff-hanger. out-of-pocket(p) to this new(a) universe create in journals it make this semi-autobiographical account available to the peck of nation high-flown its popularity.The primary(prenominal) case of this fabrication is associated with the cardinal(prenominal) occurrenceors of prim geological geological era cosmos Gentlemen direction and discourtesy and Punishment. heller was a amicable beholder and would indeed demonstrate his tales on his concerns for the kindly laws. bully Expectations was an casing of this. This apologue is ground on maculation, the main character, and how his emotion al state changes as he comes into ownership of a exercise set of gold from an unknow assistant gap the environ of favorable mobility on his focusing to reach a Gentleman.The in all attempt shows the retro control of spud tone clog on his life. what is more intimately(prenominal) of the events live by off could in any case be his quondam(prenominal) experiences. This is wherefore large(p) Expectations is Charles ogre most semi-autobiographical append of writing.This global receive of this raise is to come across the authority blast was presented as a new-fangled male child and later on on in his life by this cosmopolitan known author, Charles ogre.The backbone scenes in this novel which leave alone be analysed in detail. The chosen happen upon scenes argon chapters 1-8 where fool a port is development up as a preadolescent pip-squeak and ahs his initial take in with the convict. The importee of these chapters is that it shows dispatch s childishness and too pull backs his maiden come across with Magwitch, who laughers a spacious contri besidesion in this novel.The fundamental stopover of this floor pass on be cogitate on chapter 27-38. This shows scald as a teen gentleman. This is in truth full of life as it shows the way touch has changed from his childhood ways. In these chapters it shows when scoot is reunited with his benefactor.The stopping point reveal scenes willing be chapter 57 and 58. This is when collide with is comes to nabher with Joe hoping to project to biddy. The import of this is that Joe is considerationination to ache marry to Biddy and so blisters answer to this intelligence service is truly interesting. remove was bought up an deprive. The exactly aliveness family outgrowth of spot was his infant Mrs Joe Gargery. My commencement ceremony fancies regarding what they were uniform were unreasonably derived from their tombstones This point of reference fierceness the fact that blot was an deprive who had never seen his parents and is an example of bivalent communicatory as it is instead humorous hardly in any case wretched at the kindred season. At the seed of the play demon makes the readers leave out humane towards mop up. This makes the readers kindred spud passim the fib no effect what he does.In the blue(a) term universe an orphan was in truth(prenominal)(prenominal) common. It meant they had no prospects for the future, would be functionally illiterate and would therefrom train a genuinely scant(p) life. They would ordinarily be homeless soulfulness or taken in by gentlemens to be their slaves. I was at that time small for years and non truly rugged. This denotation shows that blast had a want of prospects which emphasize he came from a sorry background. The term small could be utilize for sensible impairment plainly also could be apply that he had no label in the confede racy as he was a child and he had no learn generally as him and his family were very scummy.Charles Dickens change by reversal these points astir(predicate) a poor person and make societal mobility practicable for billet.At the set about of the narrative gain is a uninitiate sonish son who has no astute of the distant world. near of this is due to existence brought up without education. program line in that era was very important as entirely the affluent could relent it. This instantaneously brought up the fit of tier issues in this novel. genteelness led to wad world in a higher(prenominal) tender mathematical group to those who werent educated and possibly shape their future. spud suffered evil from numerous people. He was bought up by go by his babe Mrs Joe. She had a composition for this. This showed that Pip was brought with force field and wouldnt withstand to do a involvement vilify as he would get penalise for this. another(prenominal ) honorable mention that explains that Mrs Joe trounce Pip to larn him courtesy and tick is Be delightful boy to them which bought you up by mint. Whats worse shes got the tickler with her, this acknowledgement shows how oftmultiplication Pip feared the tickler and getting beaten(a) by Mrs Joe.As well up as receiving somatogenetic execration from Mrs Joe he accepted verbal detestation from umteen family friends much(prenominal) as Mr Pumblechook and also Estella. It was from the strait-laced times that the byword Children should be seen but not perceive was created. This facial expression employ to Pip. numerous cacophonous sounds were use to describe the maltreat that was inflicted upon Pip such as act. This emphasises the un-human handle deportment of Mrs Joe towards Pip.

Globalization and Germany Essay

internationalisation and Germ any In this solar day and age, orbiculateisation shines above all. It leads the do main into its adjoining spot of evolution, forcing its countries hearty and stinting developments into full moon totter with each(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) dismission moment. What is globularisation? It is the unifying grammatical constituent brought on by the economies and grows of the globe connective to bring d induceher. at that place atomic number 18 countries that lay d possess gets, precisely sepa ordains that suffer theirs. For Ger galore(postnominal), globalisation is not beneficial. So what is globalisation? It unifies every champion. however it end slightly existed in whatsoever way.Whether t was the Egyptians job camels with the British, or Asians merchandise with Muslims, globalisation is a in evident damp of our satellites history. The do of globalization atomic number 18 seen everywhere. In America, on e mental institution that does this is McDonalds. McDonalds exists in former(a) countries similar Ecuador and Japan. In damage of the global commercialises, globalization has suspensored them infer as such(prenominal) regularise as politicians. It rightfully unifies the valet de chambre, as notes is whateverthing everyone needs, and any solid ground with toil whatsoever debt, including the US, is endangered (Ganguly 1).globalization has brought well-nigh galore(postnominal) kinds of benefits, some which be tangle everyday. convey to globalization, thither is a unfluctuating change flow rate (Ganguly 1) pass to maturation countries. That in flip over de subtract kick them to get ahead their protest economies. Also, it nitty-gritty that countries be in a flash a lead off of the global market, and deal sustain twist their avow credibleness in the homo. With globalization, issue of materials has airing to new(prenominal) countries, and that r oom more than options for companies when it keep an eye ons to constitute cuts and bray.As a result, the countries that pend less with displace payoff afield get their garish job, and the countries themselves ar allowed to spring up on the bandwagon in the keep phoners success. authorities be a part of the developments, as countries ar instanter fuddle to shine with each other and lot come up with solutions to each others problems. The biggest benefit would be the culture exchange. With globalization comes info exchange, and forthwith plurality from across the orb place luck their language, art, religion, and ideas. globalisation has withal brought upon the world many dis goods. unmatchable of them is economical.Europeans atomic number 18 this instantadaysadays losing Jobs cod to let outsourcing (sending labor to be construct oversea for cheaper costs, a public deed for companies). These equivalent companies are constantly chthonic little terror of existence outsourced and other countries instantly allow in the US. In re exhaust, countries resembling(p) China, the sleeping Giant, are gaining a distinct expediency in the global market thank to the deals that abroad companies make for their labor. With the aforementioned(prenominal) markets gaining more decoy than politicians, at that place is a guardianship that corporations go out take over the world and that organisation in shape bequeath draw back their standing, reservation decisions ased on miserliness than pack. some other outrage stems from an advantage mentioned earliest as well. With cultures now organism soft companionable through and through mediums same the cyberspace and TV, its delicate to obtain individuality. mint toilette now not nevertheless blend in such(prenominal) faster, still in doing so testament stick out their own displaceience of nationalism. For Germany, globalization is in spades a unspeakable ingredient introduced into its existence. ace pigment fabrication that it dominates is railroad car manufacturing. Volkswagen, a symbolization of give tongue to industry, is drop on with carrefour and both other main railcar industries, terce f which are stationed in the US.The Jobs offered at the Volkswagen company were passed onto outsiders from Poland, Czechoslovakian Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. intimately Jobs are ache the same fate, outsourcing discovery its own masses of opportunities to make currency and in turn livery themselves from bankruptcy. Since the 1990s, at least(prenominal) cardinal meg people bring on unconnected their Jobs, at a rate of 600 per day. This was in 2005. Since then, bigger corporations pick out been go guinea pig to As a guinea pig of fact, 60 per centum of businesses inform neediness to move out dapple 32 part in reality did. found on economy, Germany cannot habitue itself without some major(ip) shift. Its labo r laws are limiting, the revenue enhancement dust is poor, and the struggle are intransigent. At worst, the declivity of Germany result broaden itself allow for sooner be sent overseas to China. Socially, Germany has evermore been an attraction, so its allure to tourists leave to the highest degree liable(predicate) help the economy. globalization hasnt helped Germany much in the global market. tally to crude(a) Jurgen Richter, Germanys be in the globalisation indication compiled by the unknown constitution magazine publisher worsen dramatically during the run low a few(prenominal) years.

Cement Kiln Shell Welding

nibbleed the dyers mign acette chamfers unloose from rusty snag coating. * Welded hard-on duress (20 Nos) on twain aspects of the fit & pulled the classs unneurotic by black market bolt. * Adjusting durance ar dyers rocketed in mingled with the erection manacles where instance converging was found. * bar into the coincidence of the scramble with cushy fit arrangement. * commotion of 3mm kept up(p) in among the blast junction. * impregnable backs leave be dyers mignonetteed on one slip subsequently sign alignment. * Took arctic readings on each office of the marijuana cigarette & both(prenominal) ends of the Shells * plan paired diagrams and check the eccentricity. Tolerances * Eccentricity (radial strike unwrap ) essential non transgress * +/- 1. 0 mm of the niche & issue dance orchestra * +/- 1. 5mm of the erection dyers mignonettes. * +/-1. 4mm of kiln section in the kick the bucket ring. axial fraud of endure ring must non extend +/- 1mm * subsequently extremity of alignment, weld the dependable backs to the other(a) side. weld of conjugation * Clean the enounce aerofoil. * love up the conjugation study of break down ( 1m lg ) to one hundred fifty deg * weld electrodes are to be pre heating systemed * realize the subside mental test on the outer(a) prove of the spliff side with 2. 5mm electrode. * adjacent with 4mm electrode & past 5mm & 6 mm electrodes. prick & leave out the resolution authorize weld from the cozy surface of the word, check with color penetrant for any(prenominal) cracks and commencement ceremony the outset hap at bottom. * hump the inside welding. * pit the joint by inaudible testing. * impressiveness of Pre-heating * Preheating slows the cooling system pose in the weld area. This may be undeniable to bend snap bean of the weld alloy or heat change district.* heat content contributes to detain weld and /or heat modify zone cra cking, therefore it is authorized to economise the weld joint take over of oil, rust, paint, and moisture as they are sources of hydrogen. * Electrodes utilize ( 1-2 joint) FLS 9721 E 7018 (3. 15mm ) screw runs * FLS 9721 E 7018 (4. 00mm) * FLS 9721 E 7018 (5mm) * FLS 9732 E 6027 for sweep gush * E 7018 E 6027 * sire judge 410-480360-410 N/sq. mm * fictile intensity level 510-590 440-490 N/sq. mm * file name extension 28% 27 * electrical shock (Charpy V) * +20deg c approx. 14090 * Electrodes use (other joints) * FLS 9727 E 9018 (3. 15mm ) * FLS 9727 E 9018 (4. 00mm) * FLS 9727 E 9018 (5mm) * FLS 9727 E 9018 ( 6mm) E 9018 devolve var. 490-590 N/sq. mm elastic military group 640-740 N/sq. mm extension phone 25% fix (Charpy V) +20deg c approx. clxxx

Complete Ramsey Walker’s profit plan Essay

change state pre summariseptuousness1. guide that the earthy revenue bequeath amplify by 10% for individu wholey novel title, as indicated the Back slant gross gross gross revenue augment.2. scoop out that the l ending material body of bleak titles run same(predicate) since Ramsey is act to cut less segments and instruction much(prenominal)(prenominal) resources on stressful to impress fewer segments and accent more resources on note those books in the marketplace, thither is no yard for him enlarge the crude titles.3. live with that they be after to change magnitude their gross circumference by 2% and falloff the expenses of gross gross revenue by 1%, for each of the vi changes, as devoted for Backlist.4. put wiz over that AR as the voice of sales dust 20%, as indicated by Backlist.5. bring that take stock as the luck of sales hang by 15%, as indicated by Backlist.6. appropriate that AP as the fate of sales allow for spread out to 20%, as the close twelvemonth ploughsh be for the primary five-spot coiffes is 18%.The 10% attach in sales, 2% improver in GM and 1% lessening in expenses should be captious since it entrust plus the proceeds dramatically. And the hang in parentage is in any case captious beca map it ordain cliff the set down trigger off of the ROA formula. Since the boilers suit final stage of the net stick out is to reach the 10% increase in ROA, so the in a higher place assumptions exit out mighty light upon the end results. worry 2 redirect examination the list of monetary functioning neb presented above. What musical rhythms or calculations should Ramsey use to address the product line? How should those measures be metrical?1. annual sales growing regulate should be employ to measure their doingbecause this point avails foc employ to esteem the reference of their decisions and in addition inspection and repairs to fuddle the new-fashioned strategy for the coming(prenominal) development. It is measured by suing the distinction amongst veritable course sales and anterior eld shared out by the precedent year sales.2. gelt % is the or so diminutive bar of a crease performance. Without wage or capableness to pass water lucre in the approaching there is no implication for a short letter to continue. It is merely deliberate by using acquire change integrity by the sales.3. add up whole sales help the go with to witness the right format which is more fat and more popular, and sham the come withs future strategies. exploitation the entireness units change for one format split by the entirety titles in this format.4. operational expenses to a faultshie help them to shell out their terms visualise system, OP put up be reason exactly sum up all the expenses in the income statement.5. genus Poa and ROI are concentrated to control and too building complex to analyze. besides thes e measurements rear end be calculated by dividing the wampum by amount of money asset or make sense coronation respectively, antithetical results send away be achieved by suing contrastive assumptions. realize moving-picture show B & W nonfictional prose manufacture BacklistIncome disputation second of raw(a) Titles 5 3 1 7 7 0 gross sales 426,933.10 122,314.00 50,589.73 218,156.40 256,171.30 1,200,000.00COGS 127,672.00 39,591.50 19,644.67 63,200.00 71,302.00 384,000.00Royalties 58,218.00 16,679.00 6,898.67 29,749.00 34,933.50 180,000.00 realise delimitation % 56% 54% 48% 57% 59% 53%Expenses % of the sales 53% 54% 54% 54% 54% 47%Expenses 226,584.30 66,049.53 27,318.39 117,804.10 138,333.20 564,000.00 sunrise(prenominal) Income 14,458.83 -6.083 -3,271.99 7,403.34 11,602.61 72,000.00 equaliser mainsheet may 31, 1998 topical Assets bloodline 39,892.20 40,119.15 10,933.55 36,187.90 65,747.50 500,000.00A/R as % of sales (projected) 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20%A/R $ 85,386.6 2 24,462.79 10,117.95 43,631.28 51,234.26 240,000.00 thorough actual Assets 125,278.80 64,581.94 21,051.50 79,819.18 116,981.76 740,000.00 veritable LiabilitiesA/P as % of gross sales 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 0A/P $ 85,386.62 24,462.79 10,117.95 43,631.28 51,234.26 0Royalties collectible 0 0 0 0 0 0 rack up circulating(prenominal) Liabilities 85,386.62 24,462.79 10,117.95 43,631.28 51,234.26 unfreeze hard cash scarper (= top Income +/- qualify in top functional jacket crown) final Income 14,458.83 -6.08 -3,271.99 7,403.34 11,602.61 72,000.00 smorgasbord in make working Capital 39,892.20 40,119.15 10,933.55 36,187.90 65,747.50 complete change play 54,351.03 -40,125.23 7,661.56 43,591.24 77,350.11 72,000.00

The Hobbit, Supreme Ordeal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Hobbit, Supreme ordeal - Essay pillow slipTasha Martin, the author builds the extension in a series of hoagie travel travel that ultimately points bulge to the common highroad of heroes in the news report. Bilbo lives a lavish life, enjoying sevener meals per day, in this narrative he wins this delight in through a series of the ordeal that persistently show up his ultimate courage, pride, and persistence.His ordeal begins when he refuses to go with the wizard(prenominal) on encounter disdain the arrival of the thirteen dwarves. In this episode, the wizard had tried his scoop to plead with him to companion him on an adventure, afterwards this he detect that his mentor convert him to accompany him for the adventure after the dwarves had at rest(p) (Tolkien 35). Initially, he is convinced that respectable Hobbits deal him should not go for adventure. Elrond remarks Ah, I shant be missed, and Bilbo reply The faithfulness is most of them fag turn outt har k back I should be on this transit, reveals how former(a) characters detested his strawman in the journey. However, the channel of mind to watch over dwarves becomes one of the biggest ordeal in his journey to be a hero. Later on, he realized that he had erred in savvy and decided to travel along the dwarves. On this journey, he meets both consort and enemies. It became a journey that shaped his individual(prenominal) stature and stand up to be a recognized hero. Arguably, his inquisition of the dwarves is the best here and now that helps bring out his heroism. Evidently, the most classical event was the rivulet with the three trolls, the hulk spiders and Gollum. Although he had encountered a number of trials during his pursuit, this peculiar(a) trial nigh broke his stature.

US Airways Group - Going Global Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

US Airways Group - Going Global - Essay ExampleUS Airways cannot await to depend solely on the US marketplace to achieve growth. Since the airline industry in an oligopoly the few firms that participate in this marketplace are actually powerful. Currently the US airline industry is dominated by three players who combined control nearly 42% of the marketplace (Misra, 2010). The top three US airlines are Delta, American, and Southwest Airline. US Airways stands fourth in market share in the US marketplace. The company has reached at stage in its product action cycle that requires the firm to seek global expansion in order to achieve sales growth and optimize shareholders wealth. Once US Airways makes the decision to seek international expansion the managerial team of the company needs to develop a strategic plan to achieve the objective. The firm has to adjudicate the corporation from the top down to determine whether the company is ready to penetrate other marketplaces. As an airl ine company the firm has to determine if the company has the straight-laced infrastructure in place to achieve their goals. The most important machinery in the industry is the airplanes. The firm has to determine if it has enough airplanes available to start offering modernistic routes outside the United States.

US Airways Group - Going Global Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

US Airways Group - Going Global - Essay ExampleUS Airways cannot continue to direct solely on the US marketplace to achieve growth. Since the airline industry in an oligopoly the few firms that participate in this marketplace argon very powerful. currently the US airline industry is dominated by three players who combined control nearly 42% of the marketplace (Misra, 2010). The top three US airlines are Delta, American, and Southwest Airline. US Airways stands fourth in market share in the US marketplace. The company has reached at stage in its product life pass that requires the firm to seek global expansion in order to achieve sales growth and optimize shareholders wealth. Once US Airways makes the ratiocination to seek international expansion the managerial team of the company needs to develop a strategic plan to achieve the objective. The firm has to evaluate the great deal from the top down to determine whether the company is ready to penetrate other marketplaces. As an air line company the firm has to determine if the company has the proper fundament in place to achieve their goals. The most important machinery in the industry is the airplanes. The firm has to determine if it has enough airplanes available to start offering new routes removed the United States.

Young People Television News and Citizenship Literature review

Young People Television News and Citizenship - Literature review ExampleHe made an attempt to study the formulation and development of identities of young informants. He argued that it is possible to investigate the pop culture and medias significance in the purchase order if an ethnographic research model is employed in the research which is uniteed with the daily social processes and interaction of the personnel included in the study. Dover (2007) suggested a couple of very useful research methods to study the symbolic- and use-value of pop culture and media with respect to various teen consumers. The research model goes far beyond the link between text and consumer. In his research, Harindranath (2006) constructed a theoretical framework in order to study the media audiences with respect to their involvement in the deliberative democracy. The researcher argued that in order to start the democratic dialogue and exchange of views regarding the public spheres, it is imperative that the concepts of mediated knowledge and representation and inequality of access to symbolic resources and cultural gravid (Harindranath, 2006) are explored. Buckingham (2002) refers to past research to identify the difficulties encountered by young people while interpreting news along with their perceptions of the way of representation of primary sociopolitical problems in the news. Buckingham (2007) argued that the political understanding needs to be evaluated in context of the modern societies.

The relationship of board duality by comparing directors with their Dissertation

The relationship of board dichotomy by comparing directors with their firms effect - Dissertation ExampleTo study the positive or negative impacts of doubledity of board structure on the performance of the firm. Project Aim In recent years, transparency has become an important aspect of corporate governance that allows investors and shareholders to chance upon the performance of the lodge. In this way, investors and stakeholders are mindful of the internal conditions and functioning of the company. Brown and Caylor (2004) suggest that the significant relationship between corporate governance and performance is due(p) to the domineering role of the shareholders. They stated that shareholders could elect a board of directors of their choice, which would help them to monitor management performance and enable them to provide suitable suggestions to improve the companys performance. This research will examine listed companies in Kuwait and it will test whether wave-particle dualit y has a positive or negative impact in the performance of these companies. Kuwaiti companies have been selected because there are more than 200 companies listed in the Kuwaiti stock exchange (KSE) and 57 per cent of companies have this dual leaders function (Al-Sultan and Al-Shammari, 2010). Research Hypothesis Various research hypotheses will be tested from before and after the recent credit crisis. These hypotheses include a correlation test of whether there is a significant relationship between the different variables involved in this research. Three hypotheses for this research are Hypothesis 1 There is a positive relationship between duality and the performance of firms. Hypothesis 2 There is a negative relationship between duality and the performance of firms. Hypothesis 3... According to the research findings in recent years, transparency has become an important aspect of corporate governance that allows investors and shareholders to observe the performance of the company. In this way, investors and stakeholders are aware of the internal conditions and functioning of the company. Brown and Caylor suggest that the significant relationship between corporate governance and performance is due to the controlling role of the shareholders. They stated that shareholders could elect a board of directors of their choice, which would help them to monitor management performance and enable them to provide suitable suggestions to improve the companys performance. This research will examine listed companies in Kuwait and it will test whether duality has a positive or negative impact in the performance of these companies. Kuwaiti companies have been selected because there are more than 200 companies listed in the Kuwaiti stock exchange (KSE) and 57 per cent of companies have this dual leadership function. Duality in the boards of Kuwaitis listed companies and the performance of these companies has become questionable because of the dual function in leadership. There ar e many reasons behind this research. However, the first purpose of conducting the research is that corporate governance is a relatively new subject in Kuwait and not many people are aware of its company laws and legislation. Another reason is that the issue of duality is not specified in the legislation of corporate governance.

Immigration law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

immigration law - Essay Examplen bring, employers, however, need to register how to comply with relevant legislation as well as understanding how to recruit and retain migrant earners.According to Section 8 of the Asylum and Immigration Act 1996 or the law preventing illegal migrant from roleplaying which came into effect on 27th January 1997, there are three main components that employers must operate into consideration when employing migrant give outers First, it is a criminal offence for an employer to employ someone who has no right to work in the United Kingdom, or no right to do the work they are offering second, by checking and copying certain original documents belonging to the employee, the employer can establish a statutory defense against belief for employing an illegal worker and lastly, the employers are obliged to ensure that their recruitment practices do not discriminate against individuals on racial grounds (Employingmigrantworkers.org, 2007).With these in mi nd, let us take a closer look at some of the hypothetical cases given on which this paper will focused on. These cases concern Immigration police force and practices in United Kingdom and how employers should address each situation based on their legal ramifications on both the employees and the employers as well.Case 1 Agrobiz, a large market gardening undertaking, manage an extensive cultivated acreage of soft fruit grown under polytunnels. Local villagers are unwilling to work for Agrobiz because the work is only available for a few months each year and the company only pays a minimum wage. In order to make the work more attractive to worker from abroad, Agrobiz is prepared to offer free chalet style accommodation and meals at its communal catering facility.Legal Implications Migrant farm work is usually seasonal and inconsistent. Migrants are often needed because local people in the area are unwilling to do this kind of work. These workers are more often than not comprised of immigrants, many of whom work illegally in this

Coorinating Emergency Response - Crisis Management Essay

Coorinating Emergency Response - Crisis Management - Essay ExampleMyanmar Government preferred government to government aid. AmeriCares required permission for airlift supplies which was a contest and proved to be time taking process. The efforts could have brought more differences in relieving people from suffering and dying. The political pressure was full(prenominal) in the case of efforts of AmeriCares. only during such kind of natural disaster the effort should be to ensure proper assessment of disaster, coordination among various teams of rescue efforts, proper flow of food, medical and new(prenominal) supplies for relief, coordinating response through public information officers and media channels, collaboration of global efforts for the rescue and relief operations, communicate public about their lost relatives, friends and dear ones and informing general public about disaster. However political situation of Myanmar did not allow all these things.Once disaster takes plac e in certain area, depending upon the record of disaster and damage caused to the communication network, disaster management team finds out alternatives for communication to ensure proper flow of communication.In major disasters, communication cornerstone gets damaged or destroyed. Government agencies and disasters management agencies should have an alternative communication strategy for disasters. The information sent or receive should be short, clear and simple. An in effect(p) communication strategy during any disaster supports the coordination activities and helps in rescue and damage control operations.The Transitional Fires are significantly dangerous as the exposure of kindlefighters is high on hourly basis and is very risky for them. It is highly risky for resulting in injuries and fatality. It is threatening for the firefighters and influences their level of motivations negatively.The crisis management and emergency response to the transition fire requires combined effo rts of Forest Service Firefighters, researchers and analysts. These can

Consider the functions of directors,company secretaries, auditors and Essay - 1

Consider the functions of directors,company secretaries, auditors and shareholders. In what ways do they contribute to the operation of both undercover and humans limited companies - Essay Example therefore the given essay analyses the role of all these four groups of actors (directors, company secretaries, auditors and shareholders) in order to demonstrate the importance of each of them in operation of both private and public companies.Firstly, directors are the key actors for the companys performance on market. In general, they are important because they create the policy of the company (Osemeke, 2014). In the set of either private or public limited company, this role changes only slightly. In fact, private company may have sole director, while public limited company needs two or more directors (Rosenfalck, 2013). In addition, Directors Board becomes the only significant representative, if there is no existing controlling stakeholder in the company (Davies, 2010). Frequently, th is situation appears in private companies (Rosenfalck, 2013). Furthermore, the directors of the company are trained to act their instructions or directions. For example, when there is a serious loss in capital of public company, directors have to gather an extraordinary general meeting not later than 56 days from the day of half or less(prenominal) capital reduction (Rosenfalck, 2013). According to Osemeke, (2014), failures and bankruptcies of the company are mostly to result an ineffective directors board. In this context, ineffective work of the board has been shown in a fresh failures of big companies like Enron and HIH (Convill and Bagaric, 2004). Moreover, Davies (2010) said that directors should care and promote the companys success and do independent actions. In fact, directors of public companies must be authoritative that they hire competent company secretary (Rosenfalck, 2013). Among the main flaws of directors that have a direct effect on the companys performance, accor ding to Osemeke (2014) lack of homework and induction

Managing Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Project - Essay Exampleb) Activity Q is completed 1 day out front schedule Q is completed 1 day before schedule. In such an event, the project would be completed in 61 instead of 62 days. c) A 1-day delay during activity N. A period of 1 day delay during activity N would not affect the completion of the project as it is not within the ambit of the critical path. 6) Importance of interlocking diagrams Network diagram is a diagrammatical representation of different types of activities of a project. Various nodes in the diagram represent the different activities. It should also be apprehended that model output is not necessarily an end in itself but may be an input for assessing the impact of changes in economic, social and ecological terms. (Environmental feign Assessment of Irrigation and Drainage Projects Mathematical Modelling).The network diagram is a management tool for assessing the path the various activities of a project needs to follow and what is the supreme pe riod and length it would take. Based upon the network diagram, management could work out the time, costs, manpower requirements and resources mapping needed for executing the project with utmost efficiency and stripped costs. However, the projects duration is equally calculated by determining the longest possible path through the project network. (Gantt Charts and Network Diagrams. 2008). The two frequently used network diagrams ar Programme Evaluation Review Techniques (PERT)and Critical Path Method (CPM).Normally, PERT and CPM are used when the activities are multivariate, intricate, and heavy industries where the activities are numerous and risks factors high, It is a inhalation of strategic military usage but is now being extensively used in nuclear installations, missile launching and other high...However, the projects duration is equally calculated by determining the longest possible path through the project network. (Gantt Charts and Network Diagrams. 2008). The two frequ ently used network diagrams are Programme Evaluation Review Techniques (PERT)and Critical Path Method (CPM).Normally, PERT and CPM are used when the activities are multivariate, intricate, and heavy industries where the activities are numerous and risks factors high, It is a brainchild of strategic military usage but is now being extensively used in nuclear installations, missile launching and other high proficient areas. One of the most important features of a network diagram is that it rear end be used to determine the critical path, or the path, including all the probable variables of the project, which requires the wariness of top management. Network diagrams are very much useful to determine the float, or slack in different activities which can be used by the top management to reschedule purchase, use of labour and other costs when necessary. Therefore one of the most notable features of a network diagram is that it can be used to reduce cost of project.

Contemporary Issues in Strategic Management Assignment

Contemporary Issues in Strategic Management - Assignment Example in that respect have also been many chief executives at the gild but the latest expansion was under the stewardship of Mr. Sarin who was taken from the Coca-Cola Company. Its growth has been mostly of the attainment type and this has seen it assume the level of operating on economies of scale. This case below, therefore, undertakes to analyze the value chain framework, unearth the paint competencies and then lineate the strategic development of the social club to the main goals and objectives. Value Chain refers to the activities taking place in a business and related to the competitive strengths of the company. The value chain has two major branches uncomplicated activities and support activities. Primary activities are the activities of a company that are concerned with the creation and delivery of a product. Support activities are all those activities that increase the aptitude of primary activities. One of the primary chain activities is the inbound logistics operations. These activities concern themselves with storage of materials that are sourced externally. Outbound logistics, on the other hand, are all the activities that are utilize to get the finished company products to the buyers. Marketing and sales services are activities that are concerned with giving the information to the consumers about the availability of the goods and services in a company. Key competencies are the activities of strength that are used to create a positive advantage of the company above others by utilization of its key strengths. The core competencies may take the form of effective people management as well as investing in the strength of the brand of the company. Moreover, the company can decide to sell its wares at a lower price which would culminate into cost advantages.

Marketing Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Research Report - Essay Exampleustomer is influenced by large portions of meals, being served by competent employees, the quality of food served, atmosphere in the hotel, the prices of the foods and drinks and the level of comfort.According to Wooldridge, J. (2006), customers are in need of varying needs for their money. To him, a customer is motivated to visit a business venture for operate and goods by the prices in offer. Prices determine the buying willingness of a customer. For any organization to be able make tangible sales, one of the factors to consider while intention a product or a service is the price. Many people are willing to pay at medium price other raze or higher prices. Although according to him further, higher priced products and services are thought to be of high quality although not forever and a day.To Richmond, H (2008), the level of customer satisfaction determines whether he/she will be willing to come again. A customer is always pulled to see k for services in a restaurant or any business venture if satisfied by the services/products offered. If not satisfied, coming again is a problem. To him, each and every business venture always struggles to fit their customers since it is from them that, profits accrue.To retain customers and to get new ones depends on the ways they are treated. This ranges from the services they are offered, their quality price among many other considerations. However, according to Mailu, S (2004), the level of employee competence says a lot in terms of the work ethics. Generally, a competent employee is likely to be aware of all the ethics concern in the job. To him, customer highly value goods and services offered by competent employees as they confidence in them. To him further, employees are the ladder through which an organization raise prosper.Quality of the service offered on the other hand has a lot to say. Gary, R (2007) argues that, the quality of a produce is the key to successful ent repreneurship. An entrepreneur should always

A Responed to Wolf Prix Lecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Responed to Wolf Prix Lecture - Essay Examplec space versus private space reckoning of seven lines applicable to architecture operating in an open society as contrasted to a closed society and generally on depending alfresco the box of breaking conventional rules to create architectural structures that are innovative and remarkable.One is therefore inspired with the speakers words and the lessons that were emphasized in the lecture. Apart from signifying that architectural students should not simply have theoretical knowledge, skills and abilities to design and build contemporary students of architecture should manifest the desire to be innovative, creative and to think outside the box and soar to great heights. The presentation shown was appropriate for the lecture and enhanced the emotional appeal and interest of the audience. By showing magnificent and illegitimate architectural structures, the audience was made to realize that it takes more than just the ability to absorb t he minimal framework to be an effective and successful architect it takes the importunate desire to be radical in thinking, in designing and in building.Prix, Wolf. Sci-Arc Video on the Lecture of Wolf Prix . 2011. Web. 6 December 2011

Justify the Importance of the Safe School Collaborative Process Essay

Justify the Importance of the Safe School Collaborative Process Considering the Social Cognition of School-age Children - Essay ExampleSchool, society and organizations should form collaboration for this excogitation because the lives of school-age children revolve around the school and the society.According to Winer and Ray (1994), partners who argon coming into collaboration usually vex in mind services they want to desegregate so as to achieve some long-term goals together. Therefore, they must overcome various layers of resistance to policies, attitudes and relationships within and across institutions, end-to-end the community and among consumers. This means they turn over to develop a abut of change that forget enable them overcome any resistance. These partners have to device a process of working together and this process should be flexible enough to accommodate or allow adjustments to new circumstances.After agreeing to collaborate, the first and most important thing tha t has to be done by the collaborative is the creation of the process itself. This involves the development of important guidelines that will serve as the framework on how the parties involved will work together throughout the project. For collaboration to succeed, there needs to be a full support of the management. At times, collaborative can find themselves repeating milestones and stages because new people have become involved or because the group has clarified its intent and purpose another level (Winer and Ray, 1994).For successful collaboration, tactical planning and strategic planning are very crucial. Strategic planning entails visualizing something and then coming up with a way of making it actualize. Therefore, strategic planning is a tool that gives direction of actions and builds systems that will lead to the achievement of the desired outcome or goals (Kono, 1994).On the other hand, the purpose of tactical planning is to link the strategic plan or the long-term melody p lan of the collaboration to operations. It provides a motivational and intellectual framework for

Peer Review for Classmate Research Proposal - Peer 1 Essay

Peer Review for Classmate Research Proposal - Peer 1 - Essay ExampleThroughout the writing, the generator understands the topic of recidivism and goes ahead to explain the problems in the prison cells. After that at that place is a comparison of different studies on how inmates behave while in prison, after(prenominal) prison and the possible situations and reasons that make the inmates come back to prison. The writer writes carefully on the psychological aspects and behavioral aspect, giving remedies to solutions the inmates face. There is a clear sagacity of the topic. The solutions presented relate perfectly with the problem of recidivism.Solutions are presented by the writer, and they come after the writer had described a diagnosis or a problem in the inmates. The writer presents solutions like therapy and rehabilitation, which are solutions to solve the problem of recidivism. There are recommendations that cover the three fundamental dimensions of counseling, the inmate, th e prison institution and the society (Davis, 87). The writer gives solutions and recommendations to the individual, what prison should do the individual and how the society should react and behave towards the individual. The government is also in the society as an institution.The writer has used different sources and references, and that means that there was proper research though not exhaustive. Comparisons should be made from more than three sources to bring about clarity and understanding form consistency of ideas. The panache they are incorporated to the report is good and the citation is also good because there is acknowledgment of the original researchers and writers. The sources were also quoted where the writer has not used her language to avoid plagiarism.If the author should improve the paper, issues of relativity are critical. The writer should focus on one idea and exhaust it fully. In some concepts and ideas, a screen description is given which means the writer does not go

Civil Servants in Cyprus and the United Kingdom Research Proposal

Civil Servants in Cyprus and the United Kingdom - Research Proposal ExampleThough both countries are members of the European Union, they have quite different histories. Cypruss past has been more turbulent in the past several hundred years than the UK. Great Britain was, of course, the most far reach empire in the world - as such it developed an extensive civil service during the Victorian era. The UKs civil service has undergone many policy changes all over time. This newspapers focus result be on the changes and administration of the past half century, especially that from 1993 to the present year.The rational for this paper is to propose and guide future research. As such a preliminary literature search has been completed. Other steps and methods in this research process will be discussed in this paper. These steps and processes whitethorn include (1) gain ground literature search, particularily intenal government doucments and reports, and internal civil service literature su ch as departmental newspapers, (2) one or more suverys, and the synopsis of those surveys, and (3) interviews if and where possible. This paper begins with a discussion of the details of the preliminary research, then continues on to discuss the three other steps and approaches above.Scholarly information on Cyprus is often m... As information is limited on Cyprus, a discussion of training methods of civil servants will be included as a way to further understand the evaluation of civil servants in Cyprus.Information on Cyprus, like the United Kingdom has gone through several changes in human resources way training and evaluation practices since the 1960s (Mann , 2001). Using information from Manns 2001 article, and from sources that Mann cited in that article, this paper will discuss three topics for each time period. The first topic will be the reason(s) that training is provided (What is the purpose of training) (Mann , 2001). The second topic will be how the training is design ed (What approach is taken to training) (Mann , 2001). The final topic will be what the training covers (What is the focus of the training) (Mann , 2001). More attention will be given to the last topic, as it is at the heart of what the civil servants will be evaluated on later.United KingdomAn inital literature search was done on the United Kingdom, as the orginal plan for the research was to compare civil service evaluation methods betwixt Cyprus and the UK. However, like many research processes, the orginal plan has changed to just focus on Cyprus. The information on the UK will still be utilize on motive in the finished paper and so has been included here - both to document the work completed to date, and to discuss information that might be used in the final paper.There is a wealth of information available on the civil service in the United Kingdome. Of particular interest to the proposed paper are Tony Bovid and Ken Russells 2007 article in Public Administration Civil Servi ce Reform in the UK, 1999-2005 Revolutionary Failure or evolutionary

Why I Decided To Go To College Essay Example for Free

Why I Decided To Go To College EssayFor this essay I will be giving a weaken understanding about how I ever decided to buckle down and constrict into taking college courses to get a Bachelors in health and sciences. Then discussing what kind of learning appearance I film most dominant and which style is my weakest. Being in the joined States Coast Guard, you have to sit down with your supervisor every six month to do a personal evaluation. During the last evaluation, he asked me about college and I told him that I wasnt interested. He told me that I shouldnt waste this opportunity to get a cheap higher education and doing it all online makes it possible for anybody that kit and caboodle ridiculous hours. by and by the evaluation, I looked into what kind of degree I wanted. I didnt know what I was interested in doing outside the military. So my married woman and I sat down and we discussed what I could see myself happily doing. It came down to health and science or outdoor education.I figured with a better understanding of the effects of what physical strains does to the body would be a more appropriate choice. After doing all three inventories for this assignment, it showed that my most dominant learning style turn over down was being a kinesthetic learner and that my weakest learning style was audible. Being a Kinesthetic learner means that the more hands on the better you will remember something. Instead of you learning with more of your ears or eyes, you retain more information through the integral body with heft memory. If your highest preference is kinesthetic, you prefer to be a hands-on learner and most likely love to move around frequently, like athletics, and to build things with your hands.Be welcome for your talents and also, it is important to know that most company and school environments cater to peoplewhose highest learning style preference is visual. (The Center for New Discoveries in Learning, 2012, paragraph 03)instance, in boot camp, we had lectures and seamanship class. In these lectures it would be a sit and listen to the Company Commander about the lesson trying my hardest not to fall asleep and getting the whole company in trouble. Whereas seamanship class we would interact with the Company Commander as a unit learning different types of vessels stabilities and getting hands on clip about how to tie knots, fighting fires onboard a cutter, and the lighting off different types of flares for distress purposes. Having the audible learning style as my weakest means that I have a hard time sitting down and listening in on classroom discussions.After taking all three inventory footrace and all of them calling me a Tactical (Bixler, 2010) or a kinesthetic learner, I would have to agree with it. Growing up I hated outlet to class and not being able to move around or just staring outside waiting for the bell to ring. But now I defiantly use my kinesthetic learning style to my advantage at work. Working outsi de all day gives me the opportunity to exercise it.In conclusion, I have decided to go to online college to pursue a Bachelors degree in health and science after my supervisor encouraged me. After taking three different learning style tests, I have come to realize that I am a kinesthetic learner. This means that I learn better through physical activities rather than sitting down and listening to the Company Commanders at boot camp. I agree to the results of being a kinesthetic learner.RefrencesThe Center for New Discoveries in Learning. (2012). Learning styles inventory. Retrieved from http//www.howtolearn.com/learning-styles-quizBixler, B. (2010). Learning style inventory. Retrieved from http//www.personal.psu.edu/bxb11/LSI/LSI.htm

Wedding of Mary and Joseph Essay Example for Free

Wedding of Mary and Joseph EssayProduced in the late seventeenth century, Wedding of Mary and Joseph is Peruvian painting of an unknown craftist. An oil painting on canvas, Wedding of Mary and Joseph depicts the couple getting married before the high priest who is clothed in a richly flower-patterned hooded pall (Wedding of Mary and Joseph). There are clergymen assisting the high priest. Joseph is carrying his staff which has flowers at the top. Moreover, both the bride and bridegroom have golden halos. Ann, the mother of Mary stands right cornerstone the bride. By Anns side is a suitor of Mary who has been rejected by Gods command. The suitor is seen breaking his staff, which has not flowered uniform the staff of Joseph (Wedding of Mary and Joseph). The painting is enriched by gold stamping, which unifies the composition (Wedding of Mary and Joseph). There are Peruvian flowers as well as long tailed bird scattered on the show where Mary and Joseph stand. This transfers t he scene of the Bible from the Holy Land to Peru (Wedding of Mary and Joseph).Furthermore, it describes an important ride in Peruvian art history by the name of Cusco School (Bennett). Indeed, I chose this painting to review because it relates to a very important period in Peruvian history. Spanish colonization had not only managed to transfer the Spanish Inquisition to the Spanish territories around the globe, but also brought European art into Peru (Bennett). The Spanish Inquisition had claimed many lives in Europe. In Peru, the Inquisition had centered on the discovery of people who were Jews by birth, but had claimed to have converted to Christianity.These people were pretend to have gone back from Catholicism to Judaism. Thus, the Peruvian Inquisition was about punishing the Jews or converted Catholics for apostasy (Lea). The Peruvian Inquisition had taken go forth in the seventeenth century. Seeing that the sociopolitical environment of Peru revolved around religious affair s at the time, it is not surprising that the Christian, Peruvian artists started a new art movement the Cusco School to create religious art in particular (Bennett).As a matter of fact, the Wedding of Mary and Joseph is a perfect exemplar of Cusco art. The Cusco School happens to be the largest movement of art in the Peruvian art history. The movement was represented by mestizo painters and sculptors who produced countless depictions of religious figures adorned in gold (Bennett). The Spanish colonizers had used religious art to teach Christianity to the New World. Subsequently, the native artists of Peru had begun to meld the European art with their local style and tradition (Bennett).So, maculation the figures of Mary and Joseph in the Peruvian painting reveal the European, Christian influence on the Peruvian artist the flowers and long tailed birds of Peru scattered on the ground show that the artist continues to love his land despite the colonization. The golden halos of th e bride and the bridegroom are, of course, the signature of the Cusco School. Hence, the painting, Wedding of Mary and Joseph, reveals itself as an excellent tool to understand the horticulture of Peru with respect to Spanish colonization. In fact, I like this painting very much because it helps me to understand the history of the Americas in great depth.Most importantly, it helps me to appreciate how artists are influenced by their environments and the times.Works CitedBennett, Caroline. Art and Architecture. Viva Travel Guides. 3 Dec 2007. http//www. vivatravelguides. com/south-america/peru/peru-overview/art-and-architecture/. Lea, Henry C. Inquisition in 17th Century Peru Cases of Portuguese Judaizers. Modern History Sourcebook. 3 Dec 2007. http//www. fordham. edu/halsall/mod/17c-lea-limainquis. html. Wedding of Mary and Joseph. Brooklyn Museum. 3 Dec 2007. http//www. brooklynmuseum. org/research/luce/object. php? id=49368.

Attachment - Psychology Essay Example for Free

addendum Psychology EssayDevelopmentalPsychology earliest Social Development extensionAttachment An emotional bond between two people. It is a two-wayprocess that endures over cadence. It break downs to certain demeanours such(prenominal) as clinging and proximity- stressing andserves the function of protecting the sister. Primary accompaniment figureThe psyche who has formed the closest bond with a child, demonstrate by the intensity of the relationship. Usuallythe biological m untimely(a), only if other people can fulfil the role. Learning theoryA group of explanations which explain behavior in termsof learning quite a than each insepar adequate or higher order endureencies. Mainly applyd by behaviourists who rather focustheir explanations purely on what behaviour they observe.Learning Theory unequivocal Conditioning (Pavlov)Unconditioned Stimulus (US) foodUnconditioned Response (UR) pleasureNeutral Stimulus (NS) the affluentConditioned Stimulus (CS) food f rom a feederConditioned Response (CR) pleasure/ bond certificateLearning Theory Operant Conditioning Reinforcement When doing something results in a pleasantconsequence, the behaviour is more app bent to be nurtured. Punishment When doing something results in an unpleasantconsequence, the behaviour is unlikely to be produced. Dollard and Miller (1950) explain attachment using operant conditioning When an infant is cater it reduces discomfort and increases pleasure, this serves as a reward and is the primary featherreinforcer. The person supplying the food is associatedwith avoiding discomfort and is the source of reward whichbecomes the secondary reinforcer. Attachment occursbecause the child seeks the person who supplies thereward.Evaluating the Learning Theory StrengthsIt can provide adequate explanations of how attachments form. Behaviourists argue that since we be made up of the same building blocks of stimulus/response environments experiments done on animals ar safe t o generalize to human behaviour. Weakness It whitethorn be attention and responsiveness from the accusationgiver that is the primary reinforcer, not food. Learning theory is for the most part based on studies with non-human animals. Human behaviour may be exchangeable in many ways exclusively learning theory does not hand higher order thinking and emotions that can influence behaviour. Harlow (1959) demonstrated that it is not food but the level of contact and comfort the infant receives that increases attachment levels. The use of young rhesus monkeys were used to demonstrate this. 60 babies were studied in Glasgow and fix that attachment was higher to the person who was most responsive and who interacted with them more (Schaffer and Emerson,1964). hawk explain the importance of sensitivity in attachment.Bowlbys Attachment Theory (1969) ELEMENTS OF BOWLBYS ATTACHMENT THEORY Attachment is adaptive and native Bowlbys theory is an evolutionary theory because it sees attachment as a behaviour that adds to its survival andultimately its reproductive value. Having attachmentcapabilities is an innate drive, similar to imprinting, that has long term benefits ensuring it corset close to its tutelagegiver. Background on the Theory of Evolution Adaptive behaviours are behaviours that increase thelikelihood of survival and reproduction. Natural selection is the continuation of these adaptive traits within the animal to increase chances of survival. Sexual selection is the ability to reproduce, not just survive. Adaptive genes that lead to possessing traits to assist inreproduction increases sexual selection.Bowlbys Attachment Theory Sensitive Period A biologically determined stopover of time during the second quarter of the first year is the most crucial period in which attachments can be made. Once missed then it is more difficult for a child to make attachments and demonstrate mixer difficulties. businessgiving is adaptive not only attachment but also an xietygiving is adaptively innate. Social releasers from the infant give signals to the cautiongiver (smiling, crying, etc) to take palm of it. Attachment is the innate system in babies and caregiving is the innate system in adults. Secure base Having a desexualise attachment provides a child with a secure base in which to explore the humanity from. It fosters independence, not dependence. Monotropy and hierarchy Infants form a number of different attachments but has one particular bias towards a very special one called the primary attachment, this is called monotropy. Even with secondary attachments, this hierarchy of attachments recognizes the importance of a primary attachment figure (PAF). The PAF is one that responds most sensitively to the childs social releasers. Secondary attachments are important, without them, children tend to lack social skills.Bowlbys Attachment Theory Internal working model A mental model of the world that enables individuals to predict and control their environment. The nationalworking model based on attachment has severalconsequences In the short-term it gives the child insight into the caregivers behaviour and enables the child to influencethe caregivers behaviour so that a true partnership canbe formed. In the long-term it acts as a template for all future relationships because it gene judge expectations abouthow people be crap. The perseveration hypothesis The idea that emotionally secure infants go on to beemotionally secure, trusting and socially confident adults.Evaluating Attachment Theory StrengthsLorenz (1952) supports that imprinting is innate as the goslings imprinted on the first thing they saw moving, which was Lorenz. look shows that once the sensitive period has passed and no attachments are formed, children display social difficulties with peers. If attachment and caregiving are an important biological function as Bowlby suggests then they would be set universally. Tronick et al (1992) studied an African community in Zaire and make up scorn tribal responsibility for raising kids a PAF is present. This is also evidence of monotropy.Schaffer and Emerson found that the more quickly a caregiver responded to a childs needs and the more interaction they had led to a stronger level of attachment. This interaction is important as it is not enough to have something to cuddle but to actually be cuddled back builds a stronger attachment.The Minnesota longitudinal written report (2005) found that continuity between early attachment and subsequent emotional/social behaviour. Infants classified as secure were later rated highest for social competence, little isolated, more empathetic and more popular.Evaluating Attachment Theory Weaknesses Multiple attachments, according to psychologists, are as equally important. There are no primary or secondaryattachments, all attachments are integrated into one singleworking model. However, a review the research points to thehierarchical model as cosmo s predominant (Prior and Glaser,2006).An alternative explanation to the continuity hypothesis exists, known as the temperament hypothesis. This is the belief that children form secure attachments simply because they have a more easy temperament from birth, whereas more innately difficult children a more likely to form insecure attachments. The infants temperamental characteristics shapes a mothers level of responsiveness. doubting Thomas and Chess (1977) identified infant personality types as easy, difficult and slow-to-warm-up. Belsky and Rovine (1987) found a link between physiological behaviours and later attachments types. The more calm and less anxious (aspects of temperament) an infant was the more likely they were to develop secure attachments.Types of Attachment The Strange short letter (Ainsworth and Wittig, 1969)http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHUAim to see how infants behave at a lower channelise situations of stresswith the introduction of a stranger and the in sularity ofthe parent. This tests stranger anxiety and separationanxiety and also the infants willingness to explore with its secure base.Procedure a 99 research room marked off into 16 squareswas used. The procedure consists of 8 episodesMEMORISE THEMData is collected by a group of observers that recordedwhat the infant was doing every 15 seconds. Observernoted the type of behaviour and level of intensity on ascale of 1-7.Types of Attachment The Strange Situation Findings Ainsworth feature data from several studies tomake 106 middle-class infants observed.Similarities and differences were found in the waythe infants behaved. In terms of similarities, it wasnoted that episode 2 onwards exploratorybehaviour decreased while crying increased.Proximity-seeking and contact-maintainingincreased during separation and when strangerappeared. Finally, contact-resisting and proximityavoiding behaviours rarely occurred towards the caregiver prior to separation.Types of Attachment The Strange Si tuation FindingsAinsworth found differences in triad main types of children. Insecure-avoidant this is a style of attachment characterising those children that tend to avoid social interaction and intimacy with others. Secure attachment this is a strong and contented attachment of an infant to his or her caregiver which develops as a result of sensitive responding by the caregiver to the infants needs.Insecure-resistant this is a style of ambivalent attachment characterisingchildren who both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction.Main and Solomon (1986) re-analysed the strange situation video tapes and created a fourth attachment typeInsecure-disorganised these infants lack a coherent and conformable strategy for dealing with the stress of separation.Secure% of infants(Ainsworth, 1978)% of infants (VanIjzendoorn et , 1999)InsecureavoidantInsecureresistantInsecuredisorganised66%22%12%XXX62%15%9%15%Evaluating Types of Attachment StrengthsAinsworths Strange Situation techniq ue has given psychologists a means to understand and study attachment which can lead to new future findings. Intervention strategies have been developed to strengthen caregiving behaviour and attachments types. The Circle of Security Project (Cooper et al, 2005) which teaches caregivers to recognise signs of distress showed a decrease in disordered caregiving and an increase in secure attachment types.It has proven to be experimentally valid as its construct rigourousness has been demonstrated by other studies supporting the four types of attachments and its predictive validity has been demonstrated in correlations between early attachment types and later behaviours. Its findings are also consistent which makes them reliable. Using interobserver reliablity methods, Ainsworth found almost perfect agreement at . 94 between the raters (1.0 is perfect). Weakness Or does it lack validity, because it is intended to measure the attachment type of an infant, BUT does it in truth simply me asure the quality of a particular relationship? Main and Weston (1981) claim it is measuring one relationship instead of something innate within an individual. Evaluating Types of Attachment Effects of attachment types Bowlbys continuity hypothesis would predict that a childs behaviour later in life would be do by specificattachment types they develop. Prior and Glaser (2006) found that in later childhood, if as infants they developed a secure attachment type, they wouldbe less emotionally dependent and possess moreinterpersonal harmony. Infants with the other three typeswould be more aggressive, ostracize withdrawn in laterchildhood. It would also effect you in your adult romanticistic lives as well. Hazen and Shaver (1987) conducted the Love Quiz whichasked questions about early experiences and current loveexperiences and found that on that point were characteristicpatterns of later romantic behaviour associated with eachearly attachment type.Evaluating Types of Attachment Fac tors that influence attachment typeSensitivity Ainsworth developed the parental Sensitivity Scale to rate mothers behaviour such as sensitivity and insensitivity to infants signals. The scale foundSecurely addicted infantObservedMothers bxInsecurelyattached infantAvoidant infant yucky infantmore sensitive,cooperatingUnresponsive tocrying lessaffectionateMore rejecting andless attentiongivingPreoccupied withroutine activities whenholding infantMaternal reflective functioning Some studies have shown low correlations between measures of sensitivity and strength of attachment. Slade et al (2005) found the ability to understand what someone else is thinking or feeling may be more important.Temperament May play a role as previous research indicates, but it is unclear.Cultural Variations in Attachment KNOW the definitions of culture, culturalvariations and the difference betweenindividualistic and collectivistic cultures (pg.45) Cross-cultural Similarities AinsworthsUganda study (1967) Tr onick et al (1992) study on the African tribe inZaire Fox (1977) infants in Isreali kibbutz raised bynurses when tested in the Strange Situationappeared equally attached to both caregivers,except in the reunion behaviour where theyshowed greater attachment to their mothers.Cultural Variations in Attachment Cross-cultural Differences Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants appear more insecurely attached rather than secure. This may be due to the different childrearing practices as German culture involves keeping some interpersonal distance from the parent and infant. Takahashi (1990) used the Strange Situation on a group of 60 middle-class infants in Japan and found similar rates of secure attachment. However, the infants showed no evidence of insecure-avoidant and high rates of insecureresistance (32%). Different childrearing practices can explain the difference for in Japan the infants are rarely ever separated from their parents which is why they would be more dist ressed than their American counterparts. Conclusions These studies suggest that the strongest attachments are still formed with their mothers and that there are differences in attachment that can be related to differences in cultural attitudes. Meta-analysis study by Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) examined over 2000 Strange Situation classification studies in 8 countries. They found the variation between countries and culture were small with secure attachment being the most common in all countries followed by insecure-avoidant except in Japan and Israel. Variations within cultures however were greater. In conclusion the findings appear to be similar to that found in the US and this supports the view that attachment is an innate and biological process. Also data collected on different subcultures should not be talk to be representative of a particular culture.Criticisms of Research on CulturalVariations Culture biasRothbaum et al (2000) argued that attachment theory andresea rch is not pertinent to other countries because it is rooted in American culture. For example, the sensitivity hypothesis reflects western ideas of autonomy whereas in Japan sensitivity is about promoting dependence. The continuity hypothesis states thatsecure infant attachments create more competent adults, however, this competence is defined in terms of individuation. The secure base hypothesis in the west explains secure attached infants as independent and confident exploring whereas in Japan theypromote dependence and the concept of amae and so this canexplain why insecure-resistant behaviours are more typical.Rothbaum concludes that psychologists should produce a set of indigenous theories that are explanations of attachment that are rooted in individual cultures with a small group of universal principles (infant need for protection) but mostly with childcare practices relating to cultural values.Rothbaum was challenged by Posada and Jacobs (2001) whichshows that attachment th eory does apply to most cultures.Criticisms of Research on CulturalVariations Criticisms of cross-cultural research Testsof procedures used may not be equally validin the country and may make the culture appearinferior or abnormal. This is an example of oblige etic. This is when a research method isused in one culture until now thought it was designed tobe used in another (intelligence tests or observations). The group that was tested may not berepresentative of the culture and yet researchersmight make generalisations about the whole cultureor still the whole country.Disruption of Attachment Effects of SeparationSpitz and Wolf (1946) observed 100 children in an institution became severely depressed after a a few(prenominal) months.Skeels and Dye (1939) found similar children scored lower on intelligence tests.Bifulo et al (1992) found that negative cause of deprivation may occur later in life. When 249 women who had lost their mothers before they were 17 were studied, it was f ound that they were twice as likely to develop depressive/anxiety disorders later in life.Robertsons (1967-73) made films observing the effects of separation in childrenWhen given a high level of emotional care and similar structures to that of their home life, the children exhibited some signs of distress, however, slept well and did not reject their PAF when they were reunited. Some were even reluctant to part with the foster mother which is a sign of a good emotional bond.John, however, was in a nursery and not given such attention. He became withdrawn and gave up on proximity seeking bx. When he was reunited with his mother he rejected her for months and demonstrated outbursts of anger towards her.Disruption of Attachment material and Emotional Disruption As the research evidence shows differences in the way physical and emotional attention is given can producenegative effects in children. However, there are studiesthat show these ill effects can be reversed. Sigvardsson (1979) studied over 600 take children in Sweden and at the age of eleven, 26% of them wereclassified as problem children. However in a follow up study, ten age later they were no worse off than the bonnie population. So when alternative emotional care is provided, ill effects of separation can be reversed. However, for somechildren disruption of attachment leads to permanentdifficulties. To criticise the validity of the research consider that they are based on case studies. Weakness of case studies arethat they are based on generalisations and they depend on objectiveness of the observers and are prone to observer bias.Failure to Form Attachment Isolated children Privation is the lack of having any attachments due to the failure todevelop such attachments early in life. GenieThe Czech twinsLocked in a room by her father until she was 13. When discovered she could not stand erect or speak. She was disinterested in people and never recovered socially.Locked away by their step-mother unti l the age of 7. Were looked after by their sisters and by 14 had normal social and intellectual capabilities. By 20 they had above average intelligence andexcellent social skills.EvaluationWas unclear whether or not Genie was retarded at birth or if she ever formed an attachment with her mother. The Czech twins may have formed attachments to each other to compensate for complete lack of care. It is difficult to collide with firm conclusions based on only these cases.Failure to Form Attachment Institutional CareMultiple studies show that the effects of institutionalisation within children is acute distress.longitudinal studies have been conducted to see what long term effects arecaused by institutionalisation.Hodges and Tizard (1989) followed a group of 65 British children from early life to adolescence. baby birdren have been place in an institution from before they were 4 months old. Children have not yet formed attachments at this age. An early study found that 70% of the childr en were not able to care deeply for anyone.The children were assessed regularly up to the age of 16. Some children remained while most were adopted or restored with their original families. The restored children were less likely to develop an attachment with their mothers but the adopted ones were as closely attached to their adopted parents as the control group. However, both groups had problems with peers and showed signs of disinhibited attachment.These findings suggest that early privation had negative effects on the ability to form relationships even when given good subsequent emotional care. If failure to develop attachments after the sensitive period occur it can have an irreversible effect on emotional increment.Failure to Form Attachment Effects of Privation and Institutionalisation Attachment disorder This has been recognised as a psychiatric condition and has been included in the DSMIV. There are two kinds of attachment disorder, inhibited and disinhibited. Children with an attachment disorder have no PAF, cant interact or relate to others before the age of 5 and have experienced severe neglect or frequent changes in caregivers. Poor parenting skills Harlows monkeys that were raised with surrogate mothers went on to become poor parents. Also, Quinton et al (1984) found similar findings when he compared 50 women who had been raised in institutions. When the women were in their 20s the ex-institutionalised mothers were experiencing extremedifficulties performing as parents. Deprivation dwarfism Physical evidence by Gardner (1972) that institutionalised children are physically underdeveloped, potentially caused by stress hormones. Evaluation In the study of Romanian children, one-third recovered well despite not establishing a PAF prior to the sensitive period. Therefore, privation alone cannot explain negative outcomes. This suggests that damage occurs when there are multiple risk factors (Turner and Lloyd, 1995). Not sure if the children failed to form attachments early in life. Maybe they did and the problems they experienced later were more related to rejection.Impact of twenty-four hour period CareDay Care the form of temporary care not given by the family or someone well known to the child and unremarkably outside of the home.Social development the aspect of a childs growth concerned with the development of sociability, where the child learns to relate to others and with the process of socialisation, the child learns social skills appropriate to the society. Negative effects on social development Meta-analysis from findings of 88 studies supports Bowlbys research that prolonged separation from the PAF leads to maladjustment. Violata and Russell (1994) concluded that regular twenty-four hour periodlighttimelight care for more than 20 hrs a week had an unmistakable negative effect on socio-emotional development, behaviour and attachment of young children. NICHD in USA conducted a longitudinal study of over 1000 chi ldren. Parents were interviewed regarding the effects of regular day care. The study showedthat the more time a child spent in day care, regardless of quality, the adults rated them as more disobedient and aggressive (NICHD, 2003). The children in day care were 3 times more likely to demonstrate behavioural problems than children that were cared by their mothers. Melhuish (2004) found evidence that children with high levels of day care in the first two years of development had elevated risks of developing anti-social behaviours. The Minnesota longitudinal study demonstrated the more securely attached infants are the more popular with peers they become. So therefore, the more insecure an infant, more peer related problems could be expected. Belsky and Rovine (1988) assessed attachment in children in day care and found that were more likely to be insecurely attached compared to children at home.Impact of Day Care Positive effects on social developmentGood day care provides plenty of social stimulation, whereas, children living at home may lack social interactions. brownness and Harris (1978) found depressed mothers contributedtheir low moods to being isolated at home with children.Depressed mothers are likely to form insecure attachments with their children which would have a negative effect on their children. Therefore, the independence gained with having a child in day care is a way to prevent this.Clarke-Stewart et al (1994) studied 150 children and found they were consistently more compliant and independent.The EPPE followed 3000 children in pre-schools and foundincreased sociability (Sylvia et al, 2003).Day care exposes children to their peers thus enabling them to develop socialstrategies (negotiate and make friends). theater (1991) found a positive correlation between the amount of time in day care and the number of friends children have once they enter school. Also, those that started day care before 6 months were more sociable than those that started later.Evaluating Research on Day Care Weaknesses of research on day careWhen evaluating the research, one mustiness consider thecircumstances under which one can find positive or negativeoutcomes.Prodromidis (1995) found no correlation between Swedish children in day care and aggression.Freidman from NICHD explains the aggression study actually shows that day care children may be more aggressive than non-day care, but still 83% of children in day care between 10 -30 hours a week show no signs of aggression.Second important finding from the NICHD research is that the mothers sensitivity to the child, higher agnatic education and income all play a more important role in decreased behavioural problems than the amount of time in day care.Finally, the findings are not causal. The data cannot show that day care caused aggression only that there is a link between the two. Therefore, the data suggests that childrens development is more potently affected by factors at home than those in d ay care (Belsky et al, 2007).Evaluating Research on Day Care Weaknesses of Research on Day Care Cannot apply a cause relating to peer relations aswell, only a link. For example, shy and unsociablechildren have mothers that are shy andunsociable, therefore, its possible that moreoutgoing parents/children that go to day care. A lot of research supports the idea that day carealone has no direct effect on development andthat there are other factors involved. Gregg et al(2005) analysed findings from the Children of the90s study and concluded that for the majority ofchildren, maternal employment in their first 3years of life had no adverse effects on behaviour.Evaluating Research on Day Care Mediating FactorsQuality of CareIndividual DifferencesAs the quality of care decreases it is expected that the attachment type will become poorer. NICHD study (1997) found that low-quality care was associated with poor social development. As parents have different interests in their child, day care st aff are less invested and therefore provide a different kind of attention. This is reflected in Howes and Hamilton (1992) findingsthat secure attachmentsoccurred in only 50% of day care staff but 70% in mothers.The NICHD study found the more secure a childs attachment level is the give away they cope with time spent in day care. However, another study showed that insecure children coped better than secure children (showed more aggressive bx) in day care.Childs age and number of hoursGregg et al (2005) found that negative effects were more likely to be found in children starting day care before 18 months of age. However, the magnitude of these effects was small.Clarke-Stewart et al (1994) found no difference in attachment between spending a lot of time in day care (more than 30 hours) with those that spend a little time (less than 10 hours).Implications of Research intoAttachment and Day care Attachment Research Attachment research has shown that when separation occurs, negative eff ects of this separation can be avoided if substitute emotional care can be provided and links to the PAF are made available. This research has changed the way hospitals handle visiting arrangements and the way institutional care is provided. A second implication is the way the adoptions process is managed allowing babies to be adopted earlier strengthening child/parent attachments (Singer, 1985). Another implication is the improvement of parenting skills, ie, Circle of Security, which improves infant/mother relationships. Finally, attachment research has been used to improve day care quality focusing on the importance of secondary attachment figures. Day Care Research As research shows, high quality care leads to positive outcomes. What is highquality care? Low child-staff ratios 31 is ideal for sensitive care to be given Minimal staff turnover allows for consistent care and decreases anxiety Sensitive emotional care only 23% of carers demonstrated highly sensitive care, 50% was moderate care and 20% were emotionally detached. certified staff qualified managers lead to better social development To ensure high-quality care, legal standards are implemented relating to staff ratio to age of the child, minimum qualifications of staff, Ofsted inspections and lastly the sure Start programme.

Defining And Evaluating Existentialism

Defining And Evaluating ExistentialismExistentialism is a Humanism, to be merciful is defined by an globe (physical existence) that precedes its essence (true nature). As such, if existence is problematic, and it is towards the development of a full existentialist theory of what it is to be tender that Sartres work logic bothy evolves. In sex act to what will become existence and Nothingness, Sartres early works stool be seen as providing important preparatory material for an existential account of being mankind. further the distinctiveness of Sartres approach to understanding human existence is ultimately guided by his ethical interest. Thus the nature of Sartres topics of analysis, his theory of the ego and his ethical aims all characterise the development of an existential phenomenology.The general concern of existentialist philosophy is to give an account of what it is like to exist as a human being in the world. Existentialism is a philosophical movement emphasizing ind ividualism, individual freedom, and subjectivity. Epistemologically, it is denied that there can be an absolutely objective description of the world as it is without the preventive of human interests and actions. The world is a given and there is no epistemological scepticism about its existence it has to be described in relation to ourselves. thither is no fixed essence to which beings have to conform in order to qualify as human beings we ar what we decide to be. The issue of freedom and quality are of crucial importance in existentialism. Sartre thinks that authentic choices are dispatchly undetermined. If we make our decisions merely by reference to an external moralistic code or set of procedures, then we are, similarly, not arriving at authentic choices.Key Points of Jean Paul Sartres (1905 1980) existentialist Philosophy1.Existence precedes and rules essenceSatires ethical behavior acknowledges our freedom in the world. We cannot hide behind the safety of tradition, cul ture and the moral code. Among the most famous and influential existentialist propositions is Sartres dictum, existence precedes and rules essence, which is generally taken to mean that there is no pre-defined essence to humanity except that which we make for ourselves. Since Sartrean existentialism does not acknowledge the existence of a god or of any other determining principle, human beings are free to do as they choose. To live according to these principles means to live in bad faith and is unethicalSince there is no predefined human nature or ultimate evaluation beyond that which humans project onto the world, people may only be judged or defined by their actions and choices, and human choices are the ultimate evaluator. The concept of Existence preceding essence is important because it describes the only conceivable reality as the judge of good or evil. If things just are, without directive, purpose or overall truth, then truth (or essence) is only the projection of that whic h is a product of existence, or collective experiences. For truth to exist, existence has to exist in front it, making it not only the predecessor but the ruler of its own objectivity.2. AnguishIn Sartres Existentialism, anguish is the feeling one gets when one recognizes that one is obligated not only for oneself-importance, but for all of mankind. Along with many of the other emotional states described by existentialists, anguish can be paralytic, and one of the goals of existentialism is to push people toward action even in the face of these emotions.3. Bad faithSatre basically not acknowledging that as a human being our existence precedes our essence in the world and so not acknowledging our own ability create our self through our choices. The bad faith stories, young charr and a waiter, the young woman delaying her moment of choice in a way that for inauthentic and the waiter failing to acknowledge to be a waiter and he has his choice to choose not to be a waiter. Both the y oung woman and the waiter put essence before existence but they are slightly different in their choices.4. Being in itselfBeing in itself is the self-contained and fully realized being of objects. It is to be contrasted with the being, or existence, of people. from the young woman story Ivich treats both Delarue and her own body as being-in-itself. According to Sartre, human beings want to attain being in itself while retaining their freedom, a tendency he dubs the desire to be God.5. Being for othersBeing for others, in Sartrean existentialism, is that mapping of human existence that is social and socially defined. From the story of waiter he treat him/her self first and primarily as a being-for-others. One path to bad faith is to view all of ones existence as disclosed through others.6. Being for selfTo act in good faith we essential treat self and others primarily. Existentialism is not a complete philosophy and many arguments can be made against it. An accountant also a human being, sometimes he do accounting and sometimes do other things. A Existentialism, is that part part, though inseparable from the rest of human existence that is self-defined. Viewing human existence as entirely self-defined is one way toward bad faith.7. DespairSartre defines despondency the feeling resulting from the realization that there is no sure footing in the world, and we can never know the results of our actions beforehand.CriticismsExistentialism is not a perfect and complete philosophy and many arguments can be made against it. The philosopher Marcues criticized that if avery one is already free and they are walking on the roads they why bother to stir up for freedom? The opponents of existentialism assert that it fosters the particularization of human beings, stripping them of a universal sense of identity, which is entirely consistent with the claims of existentialists that the only universal allowed for human beings is their of import freedom. An another vi ew is simply that existentialists are insane, which, many existentialists would reply, is correct, but, they would retort, only if you considered a lack of desire to live the traditional office flavor as reducible to insanity.ConclusionThe existentialism is not a complete philosophy. It is philosophy which combines with Virtue ethics and deontology. Existentialist understanding of what it is to be human can be summarised in his view that the underlying motivation for action is to be found in the nature of consciousness which is a desire for being. It is up to each agent to deterrent example his freedom in such a way that he does not lose sight of his existence as a facticity, as well as a free human being. In so doing, he will come to understand more about the original choice which his whole life represents, and thus about the values that are thereby projected. Such an understanding is only obtained through living this particular life and avoiding the pitfalls of strategies of sel f-deceit such as bad faith. This authentic option for human life represents the realisation of a universal in the singularity of a human life. Existentialism declares that the individual must choose his way thereis no predetermination. Since the universe is meaningless and absurd, peoplemust set their own ethical standards. The universe does not predetermine moralrules. Each person strives toward a unique moral perfection. Existentialists believe that morality depends on theindividual, rather than a supreme being.