The Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society - 950 Words

REVOLUSTUIN OF LERANING What is definition of new education? People get educated from School, home and society, so learning method change during the period of time. Education stared to fight with illiteracy and the most beneficial of formal education is decreasing number of illiterate people in the world since last decades. According to short â€Å"The Human Cost Of an illiterate society† Kozol agues how illiterates stop a society to be more development â€Å"The number of illiterates adults exceeds by 16 million the entire vote cast for the winner in 1980 presidential contest†(Kozel94). Later, Baker in â€Å"School Vs. Education â€Å" argues how education in not enough for children in schools Even though education is essential and valuable, present education system should constantly being reviewed and updated in grading method, using technology, and adding hands-on learning to be support todays society and industries demands. The grading system is failed cause student focus on score and being on top of the class. In school, children may learn basic academic skills. Also, they may discover social knowledge by attending at the school, which the educational system base for testing and grading; therefore, they will evaluate with marks and understand of teacher’s technique â€Å"This stage lasts twelve years, a period during which the child learns that success comes from telling testers what that want to hear†(Baker 72). In fact this structure helps student to prepare forShow MoreRelatedThe Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society989 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society† In the essay, â€Å"The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society† written by Jonathan Kozol and originally published in the book, â€Å"Illiterate America†, is a bundle of examples of how people who are illiterate live every day. It showcases the hardships they go through, and how much of a problem it is. He had quotes from various interviews with people who are illiterate, and how many become distrustful of people trying to explain what the written documentRead MoreThe Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society1048 Words   |  5 PagesAre illiterates just people who exist? Do they just walk around aimlessly, never knowing what to do? â€Å"Illiterates live, in more than literal ways, an uninsured existence,† says Jonathan Kozol. In Kozol’s article, â€Å"The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society,† he intensely describes how illiteracy can impact both the illiterate and those surrounding him. There is a tragic human cost for an illiterate society. If people a re unable to read, then what can they do? In this case, the least taken-for-grantedRead MoreThe Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society By Jonathan Kozol946 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom 2003, 99% of the total population ages 15 and over can read and write (CIA Library). Thus, one can conclude illiteracy is not a crisis. However, â€Å"The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society† by Jonathan Kozol, implies something different. Kozol emphasizes the hardship of an illiterate, and briefly explains the importance of helping an illiterate without providing much of a solution, while Kozol’s essay was ineffective overall because of the lack of factual evidence and flawed conclusions, his strategicRead MoreThe Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society By Johnathan Kozol Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pagesis a very common practice in society, the ability to appreciate the smaller things in life is a trait not commonly found in many. Be it having the ability to attend a university, or having the pr oper use of all of one’s limbs, many don’t fully understand and appreciate the gifts they have. In his work, The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society, Johnathan Kozol relates this idea to the importance of literacy, and the implications and struggles that are imposed on society and those who lack it. InsteadRead MoreThe Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society By Jonathan Kozol877 Words   |  4 Pagesdid. In Jonathan Kozol’s essay titled, â€Å"The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society,† he exposes the complications of being illiterate as well as how it affects a person on a social, personal, and financial level. He brings to light the troubles illiterates go through right from the beginning, and takes repeated stabs at the way they function, and how it brings extreme troubles. Kozol effectively educates and exploits the overlooked troubles of being illiterate, by providing examples of their embarrassmentRead MoreThe Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society By Jonathan Kozol1059 Words   |  5 Pages As soon as humans walked the earth, since the beginnings of time, learning was the most vital in order to survive. This was, and still is today, the most important part of adaptation, problem-solving, and creation of life itself. Without it, our society would never move forwa rd and humanity would never advance. Undeniably, education is the start of everything in life itself meaning that it continuously surrounds every aspect of life. In both Frederick Douglass’s essay, â€Å"Learning to Read† andRead MoreJonathan Kozol The Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society Analysis1009 Words   |  5 Pagesilliteracy. In this society, it is unfortunate that there are individuals who are illiterate, which ultimately affects their democratic lives. Many other citizens do not face this issue, and may not recognize the disadvantages that illiterates face. In Jonathan Kozol’s text, â€Å"The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society,† he discusses the various issues concerned with illiteracy, one of them being how it affects democracy. Democracy is a type of government where power, that involves human rights and valuesRead MoreEssay on Jonathan Kozol The Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society926 Words   |  4 Pages Knowledge is an effective factor in which human society relies on. Throughout history, those who were knowledgeable were well-respected, honored and revered. Author Jonathan Kozol writes his essay, â€Å"The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society,† to project the importance of knowledge and to explain that without it, one can suffer disastrous repercussions. He highlights real-life examples of how people suffer as a result of chronic illiteracy, and his entire essay is an advocacy for knowledge andRead More Fishing for Words Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesin America; basically someone illiterate cannot live on their own until they have been taught the basics, reading and writing. According to Kozol’s essay The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society the government, administration, and people of high power live by the beginning of the quote (Kozol, The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society). They help someone illiterate make a living until the person is out of their control. Ye t the government, administrations, and society maintain control through illiteracyRead MoreIphone Collection Of Biometric Identification Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pagesis designed to serve two main segments of the society who are the elderly and the blind people. 2) Objectives of the project: To serve the community, as the elderly and the blind represent a large segment of society by facilitate their lives and reduce their dependence on others, this wallet is able to read and calculate the amount of money and deliver the information audible. In addition, we seek to make the product available to all strata of society through its appropriate price. 3) Current situation

Wal-Mart’s Organizational Structure Essay - 1413 Words

Wal-Mart’s Organizational Structure Damaris Medina MGT/230 September 13, 2012 Dan Kassmeier Every company has their own form of organizational structure. Whether the business is big or small, an organizational structure is needed in order to have a successful business. An organizational structure helps put the business in order to make sure there are no problems in the future, but what is an organizational structure? It is how the reporting structure is organized. There are many types of organizational structures. Some examples of organizational structures are, the functional, matrix, and divisional structures (Bateman amp; Snell, , 2011). When business owners are planning a structure for their business, it is important to know†¦show more content†¦Just because a business has the right structure does not mean they will have a thriving business. Not having the right controls can hurt a business just as much as not having the right structure that for the business. It is critical that all businesses have the right structure. The structure and the controls can very mu ch determine whether or not the business will thrive the business world or if it will fail and crash. Business owners should have time to think about what structure best suits their new or existing business (, , 1991). Wal-Mart is a major shopping corporation. With stores across the world, they are one of the largest shopping centers (Walmart, 2012). Being that they are a complex corporation, they need to have a strong, very well thought out, organizational structure. Wal-Mart uses the matrix structure. A matrix organization is â€Å"an organization composed of a dual reporting relationships in which some managers report to two superiors† (Bateman amp; Snell, , 2011). The system includes different levels of management. Wal-Mart has many levels of management. They have management for international and domestic needs. They were able to come up with a structure that would best suit their business and its complexity. Being that Wal-Mart is a major company, it is highly importa nt that their organizational structure is well organized. Wal-Mart is one company that cannot afford to have any issuesShow MoreRelatedWal Mart : The World s Largest978 Words   |  4 Pages Wal-Mart — the world’s largest, most dominant retailer and private employer. Established a highly profitable business centered on a low-cost strategy and utilizes logistical efficiencies to create a competitive advantage. Incorporated in 1962, but established in Canada only in 1994. Selling in 15 countries, Wal-Mart has more than 395 stores just in Canada thus employing in over 8000 stores. Providing each and every job with a specialization, the employees felt a sense of enrichment and prideRead MoreWal Mart : The World s Largest Most Dominant Retailer And Private Employer990 Words   |  4 PagesWal-Mart — the world’s largest most dominant retailer and private employer. Established a highly profitable business centered on a low-cost strategy and utilizes logistical efficiencies to create a competitive advantage. This is a general merchandise discount retailer that was incorporated in 1962 but yet, only established in Canada in 1994. Selling in 15 countries, Wal-Mart has more than 395 stores just in Canada thus employing in over 8000 stores and a job specialization is met for each of theseRead MoreWal Mart s Employee Relations Essay835 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Sam Walton founded Wal-Mart in 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas. Currently, Wal-Mart has an annual revenue of $485,000,000,000 and over two million employees. Wal-Mart is ranked as the largest retailer in the world. Their NAICS number is 45291 and SIC number is 5331 (Mergent, 2016). Wal-Mart has two main organizational challenges, communication through management and employee relations. Several lawsuits have been brought against Wal-Mart on behalf of its employees in recent years (PanmoreRead MoreOrganizational Structure1479 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Organizational Structure Organizational Structure Paper Team C University of Phoenix MGT 330 – Theory, Practices amp; Application Instructor: Fred Schaum July 13, 2010 Abstract Wal-Mart is one of the largest corporations around the globe. Wal-Mart serves customers and members more than 200 million times per week at more than 8,446 retail units under 55 different banners in 15 countries. With fiscal year 2010 sales of $405 billion, Wal-Mart employs more than 2.1 millionRead MoreEssay on Wal-Mart International Division1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe International Division at Wal-Mart International Business: Strategy Structure October 10th, 2012 Introduction I would like to begin stating the reason why I decided to choose this case and, above all, this topic. Since the beginning of my academic career field I’ve always found more interesting the â€Å"human† side of business sciences, especially those concerning the behavior of organizations in the environment in which they operate and consequentially of the people that materially makeRead MoreLeadership Is A Rare Quality1386 Words   |  6 Pagescompany that will feature in this paper is Wal-Mart. It appeared first among the Fortune 500 companies owing to its excellent achievements in the past year, but its general establishment as one of the world’s top retailer over the decades cannot be ignored either (Fortune, 2015). With that in mind, this paper sets out to identify, analyze and assess Wal-Mart’s success in the previous year that warrants its position as the world’s best organization. History of Wal-Mart Business persons have criticizedRead MoreWal-Mart and Hr Issues1125 Words   |  5 Pages------------------------------------------------- Wal-Mart ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- DATE: February 16, 2009 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- SUBJECT: Staffing at Wal-Mart Stores Inc. ------------------------------------------------- Wal-Mart’s employs 930,000 people domestically and internationallyRead MoreMgt B399 Exam Paper1539 Words   |  7 PagesSpecimen Exam Paper BA OUHK PART A Question 1 (a) Describe the role of organizational control and organizational culture play in strategy implementation. (20 marks) Organizational controls guide the use of strategy, indicate how to compare actual and expected results, and suggest actions to take to improve performance when it falls below expectations. When properly matched with the strategy for which they were intended, structure and controls can be a competitive advantage. Strategic controls (largelyRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization1085 Words   |  5 PagesAn organizational structure is a composition that specifies a company s hierarchical structure. There are various kinds of conformations that organizations can choose to build their business around. The organizational structure exemplifies the way in which control and business affairs have been appointed within the organization. Organizational structure encompasses the design of an organization though people positioning and responsibilities in order for organizational goals can be reached. SomeRead MoreWalmarts Organizational Strategy573 Words   |  2 PagesWal-Mart Wal-Marts organizational strategy is designed to be the low cost leader. Strategy means the pattern of purposes and policies that defines the organization and its missions and that positions it relative to its environment (Anonymous, 2008). Being the low cost leader and this mentality runs throughout the entire organization and dictates all of its policies and dictates the way that the company utilizes its resources. For example, the company devotes a significant portion of their resources

Conquering the Competition free essay sample

When I tell people I want to be a doctor, they usually say something like â€Å"oh, how wonderful!† or, â€Å"that’s really neat!†. But oftentimes they give me a look that plainly says, â€Å"you’re crazy.† Why would they think I’m crazy? Because medical school is one of, if not the most difficult challenges on the face of the Earth. It challenges you mentally, emotionally, and physically. It is tougher than tough, and it’s also extremely hard to even get into. So what sets me apart from the other thousands of young adults who are going to apply for medical school? My ability to be the best. I might sound very conceited, but that is the kind of determination needed to get into and through medical school. I am the best because I have a steely determination. Of course, all the competition has that as well. But I am willing to give up anything and everything to achieve my goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Conquering the Competition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am willing to give up friends, relationships, an easy way of life. I will even give up sleep, happiness, and sometimes food. I am not kidding around here. There is only one way to get to medical school, and that is to constantly move forward and be the best. There is only one way to get through medical school once I’m in, and that’s to army crawl through hell (figuratively speaking, of course). I am a nice and compassionate person, which will make me a good doctor. But at the same time, I can get the job done. I can be merciless to my competition, and I intend to do just that. It may be against my personality. But I’ll do anything to achieve that ultimate goal of being a doctor.

Salem Witch Trial Essays - Salem Witch Trials, Tituba, Witchcraft

Salem Witch Trial This is about witchcraft and is started like this: In the winter of 1691-92, several people in Salem Village, most of them young women, but eventually including a few men and boys, began behaving in a strange , with an affect which was interpreted as illness. The town's minister, Samuel Parris, whose daughter and niece were among those with this odd affect, sought to cure the perceived problem with prayer; others, including a doctor of physic who was called in, felt that the people in question were afflicted with a witch's supernatural curse, and this diagnosis came to be accepted as true. Friends and relatives prompted the afflicted people to name their supposed tormentors. On 29 February 1691/92, after over a month of acting oddly, the afflicted named three local women as witches. One of these women, a slave of Mr. Parris named Tituba, said, when questioned, that she was a witch, that the two others arrested were witches, and that there were two other women and a man from Boston in volved. Shrewdly or luckily, Tituba had realized that the best thing she could do in her situation was to tell the investigators what they wanted to hear. Thus the diagnosis -- of affliction by witches -- was proven to be correct, and at the same time the extent of the perceived problem expanded from three to who knew how many. The strange affect of Parris's children and an increasing number of others continued, and these afflicted continued to supply names of supposed witches. By the end of the year there were about Fifty persons with the affect of being afflicted, nineteen people and two dogs had been hung for witchcraft, another had been tortured to death, five had died in prison from lack of proper food or shelter, and the jails were full with those awaiting trial. In 1768, Hutchinson published the first history of this witch panic. He considered whether the afflicted were under bodily distempers, or altogether guilty of fraud and imposture, and decided in favor of fraud. In 1831 Charles Upham agreed: the afflicted had acted with a malicious disposition to wreak vengeance upon enemies In 1867, however, Upham was less certain: it was almost beyond belief that they were wholly actuated by deliberate and cold-blooded malignancy and it was hard to say how much may be attributed to such 'bodily distempers' ascredulity, hallucination, and the delirium of excitement. In 1949, Marion Starkey had no doubts: the afflicted's odd affect was entirely due to psychological 'distempers,' and she offered a pop-Freudian diagnosis of hysteria. In 1969, Hansen agreed with Starkey that the afflicted had been hysterical, presenting his view with the scholarship and language of the academy. Starkey's hysterical bobbysoxers diagnosis has entered the popular canon and school textbooks, while Hansen's verdict of hysterical in the scientific sense of that term has been accepted as true by the majority of scholars, Demos, McMillen, and even Karlsen, who treat the cause of affliction as settled and go on to other projects. While I see the cause as not settled, I will look instead at the way the same descriptions of affect have produced such mutually exclusive interpretations -- fraud and illness -- and suggest why fraud went entirely out of fashion, after being accepted for over a century, while hysteria came into fashion oddly, only Upham allows a mixture of fraud and illness. I will suggest that these shifts in interpretation are not founded on any new knowledge or new theories of psychology, but grow out of changes in cultural and ideological attitudes, especially toward women, and that they are made possible by the ambiguities of historical documents, by inadequate analys es of the explanations that were available in 1692, and occasionally by poor reasoning on the part of the historians. According to Calef, afflictions at Salem first appeared as crawling under furniture, using sundry odd Postures and Antick Gestures and saying foolish, ridiculous things. Twelve years old Abigail Williams, for example, charged around the Parris house, flapping her arms like wings and crying Whish, Whish .She was, in other words, playing. In a society that sought to prevent physical spontaneity, such behavior would usually

Kantha Industries Essay Example

Kantha Industries Essay Example Kantha Industries Essay Kantha Industries Essay TITLE OF CASE: Stagnation in Growth of Kantha Industry STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Whether the organization should go out of the village for marketing or organize exhibitions within the village. THE CASE: * 50 year old small scale industry in West Bengal. * Main products: Leather, textile and other handworks like Kantha stitch. * Employs 350 workers, out of which 72 are women. They work in groups of ten with monthly income of 400-800 Rs. * Products perceived as a luxury goods and not necessity. * Currently, the source of income is through exhibitions in nearby towns and cities. Major market being Kolkata. SCOPE: Considered merits and demerits of both alternatives as below: ALTERNATIVES: 1. Village exhibitions: Merits – Overall expenses of setting up an exhibition will reduce. Employment will be generated. Promotion tourism in and around the village. Subsidies from the Government will promote the industry further. NRIs will be a major customer base. Unique identity of the place and product. Demerits – There’ll be a loss of current customer base that is the nearby towns and cities. Revenue will be reduced as once it goes out of village, its price shoots up. 2. Organize exhibitions outside: Merits- greater revenues as exhibitions are targeted at the cities and towns where demand exist. Demerits- Expenses of organizing exhibitions so up. RECOMMENDATION: To run both alternatives parallel for some time and in the long run do away with exhibitions outside the village once the village exhibitions seems feasible and profitable. CONCLUSION: The organization should continue marketing out of village via exhibitions along with exhibitions within the village and then slowly after gaining popularity or doing good business it can continue with the exhibitions within the village and try for handicraft retailers and traders. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: kantha-stitch industry in West Bengal, which is a specific kind of decorative embroidery done only by the rural people of Bengal, has emerged as a highly lucrative industry, operating as an informal sector in India. However the people who create the exquisite patterns, after labouring for days, however, receive meagre remuneration and no recognition for their art. The main cause is that these products are not necessity rather a luxury or status symbol. So people in villages cannot afford it. The sales in cities and towns like Kolkata is better but not at all at a comfort zone. The main reason being the lac of promotion. The income mainly comes from the exhibitions which absorb a lot of capital investment. So this case study provides a decision making problem of whether to go out of the village for marketing or to organize exhibitions within village. For the analysis both the possibilities have been considered and merits and demerits of each have been analysed. Ultimately the conclusion which was reached of running both alternatives parallel for some time and in the long run do away with exhibitions outside the village once the village exhibitions seems feasible and profitable.

Aspects of Internet Censorship by the Government

Aspects of Internet Censorship by the Government Introduction Internet can be defined as computer networks interconnection using a standard protocol to provide information to the entire world irrespective of where one is at any time (Garcia 32). The networks compose of public computers, learning institutions computers, business enterprises computers and private organization computers for local and global scope.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Aspects of Internet Censorship by the Government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Earlier the internet was being referred to as the information super highway, its’ main aim of was to avail limitless information to everyone who needs it as fast as possible. Internet censorship refers to the act of controlling information access through the internet. Main motives of internet censorship vary from one website to another (â€Å"Research profiles.† 1). Main reasons are children protection from harmful and expl icit material, enabling grown up avoid contents that may compromise their community and personal standards, imposition of a moral framework in adult communication through the internet, and blocking of information material that is illegal to possess according to the government of a particular country under consideration. The government uses various techniques to censor internet depending on the content they want to restrict. It does so through the use of program software called web filters or censor ware. Internet censorship Main techniques for internet censorship include, IP blocking technique, this target website hosted by a common server. The entire websites hosted by that particular IP address are blocked (â€Å"Research profiles† 1).Whenever one tries to access them he/she is denied the access rights. Filtering domain name server (DNS) method, in this method the domain name is not resolved hence one is unable to access the site. This method uses software that restrict res olving of the domain name, as a result the target website is unavailable. Packet filtering method, this technique uses keywords in filtering the content to be accessed, if the keyword is detected the site content is blocked. Another method is through the use of the uniform resource locator (URL), it uses keywords to block censored site from access. When one try to access a website the uniform resource locator is checked if it consists of the restricting keyword, if the keyword is found in the URL the site become unavailable. Reasons for censorship Different government censors the internet due to different reasons, some may be reasonable and varied, while others are misuse of the power by the government. This has created a controversial situation of whether the government should carry out internet censorship or not (Kenny 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Different pe ople have different views depending on the perspective one look the situation from, each any everyone has reason and evidence to support his/her theory. The positive aspects of internet censorship by the government around the world are immense. World internet censorship ratings Blue No censorship Yellow Some censorship Red Country under surveillance from Reporters without Borders Grey Internet black holes (most heavily censored nations) The rule makers and enforcers should work hand in hand. Their Failure to cooperate leads the rule amounting to nothing. The social contract theory was developed by the philosopher Thomas Hobbes; it argues that without rules and a systematic way of enforcing them the efforts amount to nothing. It uses the concept of cooperation between involved parties, they mutually resolve to follow laid down guidelines.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Aspects of Internet Censorship by the Government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The guidelines are the rules set to benefit the people socially. All agree there should be rules laid down and the government should ensure they are enforced to all irrespective of one position. This theory was develop due to no man has authority over others naturally, hence there was need to establish contracts based on covenants. For censorship to be effective the law enforces and the designers should be one body (Eid 1). Currently there are many unethical action been carried out, since the enforcers have absconded their duties. Regulations that govern the internet ethic are no longer being observed while the law enforces are enforcing new rules at will without consulting. Recently the government of Afghanistan censored interactive sites without even consulting. This shows there is a link between the enforcers and the law makers. The rules are desirable if the effect s of their consequences is positive. If the consequences are negat ive then the rule is undesirable. The theory of rule utilitarianism was developed as a result of weaknesses in the act utilitarianism theory. The morals theory argues that an action is morally right, if the consequences of an action results to an increase in the level of happiness. The theory uses the rules when explaining the moral values of an individual contrary to the act utilitarianism which uses the principle of utility (â€Å"Introduction to Content Filtering† 7). It tries to exploit the fact that the rules are universally adoptable, hence result to immense happiness. Rule utilitarianism and Kantianism are similar in that they use the rule to base their argument. The difference between the two is that rule utilitarian emphasis on the action consequences while the Kantianism emphasizes on the action motive. It encourages universal adoption of an action that will increase the pleasure of the affected subjects. In the year 2003 August, a worm by the name of blaster infect ed computer system using windows operating system .The worm exploited a security loophole in the windows operating system. It resulted to excess network traffic and also disabled some of the networks. The infection resulted to computer rebooting itself continually. Another worm named Nachi was developed to exploit the same loophole, but did not infect those immune to the blaster worm. On contrary Nachi worm accessed the computer in the network to destroy blaster worm copies and also to download patches of windows to fix the loophole problem. According to the computer ethics introduction of harmful malware in a network is unethical and prohibited. According to the rule utilitarian it was morally correct since the consequences of the action increased pleasure to the affected subject.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Impact on the society The consequences of an action do not matter. What matters are the actions themselves. The act utilitarianism theory was developed by philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. This contradicted the earlier theory of Kantianism. It based its’ argument on the fact that an action is termed to be good if the result benefit a person and undesirable if the action harm someone. The theory was founded on the principle of utility, where the action is gauged to be right or wrong depending on the effect on the level of happiness on the concerned party. This theory measures the morality by determining the rise or fall of happiness on the concerned party. Attitude behind an action is not relevant in this argument, what is of more concern is the consequences of the actions. Being in this context is used to refer to anything that may experiences happiness and sadness. From the definition the being not only refers to the humans but also other mammals. It is hard to measure utility thus several attribute have been selected to weigh the effect of an action on the pain and pleasure (Carter 1). Intensity measures the experience extent, certainty measures the likelihood, and duration measures the experience length, extent measures the number of being affected, purity measures the concentration of pain or pleasure, and fecundity measures the ability replicate the experience. Freedom without limit is always abused; most internet users do not observe the internet rules set aside to govern access of information. Almost all government censors sensitive government information or the information is not availed to the internet users. The explicit material in the internet should be restricted to avoid underage from accessing them. Most of the Muslim dominant countries pornographic materials have been completely censored. This ensures the young ones are protected from obscene materials. The action of the government is essential to maintain a morally uprig ht generation in censoring some materials. Due to the complex internet network the government cannot leave the censoring action to parents or private companies, it has to undertake the action itself. The will motivating an action should be the basis of judging an action whether morally right or wrong. An action may not be moral but the motive was moral. The Kantianism` theory was developed by a philosopher named Immanuel Kant. His argument was, people action and deeds should be based on moral laws which are universally acceptable. Citing the bible examples to support his theory, he believed for any supreme moral law to hold it must be based upon some reasoning. Someone who is a Kantian should be able to state something whether it is good or bad and qualify it using specific and varied reasoning. It entails more than arguing whether something is morally right or wrong. The main reasoning was something may be morally right, yet it can be used wrongly to harm others or cause conflict. In this world there are barely good things without need to qualify them to be good. Only good will can be termed to be good, since there is no need to qualify it to be good. An action cannot be termed to be good simply due to the beneficial results; something good is good irrespective of the outcome from the action. What we are meant to do is more important than what we do. We should act out of morals instilled in use rather than what we feel we should do, our moral should be the driving force upon our actions. The oppressive regime use this theory to suppress it citizen and deprive them information access. They censor interactive sites to intimidate those opposing their agenda. Late 2009 China censored interactive site especially in Tibet area. This was meant to curb growing defiance against the government It is hard to say that the consequences of an action do not matter; what’s matter is the action itself. People are more concerned in the results not the way the results ha ve been achieved. Kantianism theory advocate that the motive is what’s matters not he actual result of the actions. If you have a granary infested with rats, there are different ways to remedy the situation. If you burn down the whole granary it is an option but at what cost. As much as the motive of an action is good the consequence are dire. As much as the government may have good motives and intention in censoring the internet, caution should be taken to ensure the consequences do not outweigh the gains. The Kantianism theory should not be employed much in censoring as it may result to undesirable dire consequences. January this year the Iran government censored all interactive site, in a mission to curb government critics who were using them to sell their ideas. In addition they also banned women right websites; this caused more harm than good. It also denied the woman their rights to voice out their view; such school of thought belongs to the Stone Age where women were c onsidered inferior. Error analyses of filters Filtering Product Misdetection False Alarm Error Rate Smart Filter 15% 7% 11% Surf Watch 12% 7% 10% Web Sense 17% 9% 13% I-Gear 36% 10% 23% Cyber Patrol 16% 7% 11% N2H2 14% 7% 11% Conclusion Government Internet censorship is not meant to suppress the society of information access, although it may result not unanticipated negative result. Every government actions to censor internet access are meant for the better of its citizen. But there are isolated cases, where the government censors internet access using unvaried bases. This may result the country citizen being left behind in the fast growing global village. The reason for censoring internet should be clearly defined and measures put in place to protect the law from being abused. The law should also clearly define the method and modes to be used in censoring to avoid safe site from being blocked due to criterion used to block. From the theories discussed above, it i s clear from the different approaches the main objective of all is the effect of censoring to the people. They all agree if censoring result to positive effect then it is worthy but if it is harmful then it is harmful to the same people it ought to be protecting. Irrespective of the reasons behind the censoring of the internet the result should be positive, it should not affect the people’s majority negatively. Whether it uses the rules, consequences of the action or the will motivating the action, the moral effect should be upheld at all times. Internet should be used for moral upright or justifiable action at all time. The internet ethos should be upheld and observed by all internet users indiscriminately of their position. Error analysis of filters for the distinct data set Filtering Product Misdetection False Alarm Error Rate Smart Filter 13% 4% 8% Surf Watch 12% 11% 11% Web Sense 12% 7% 10% I-Gear 36% 7% 21% Cyber Patrol 15% 9% 12% N2H2 11% 1% 6% Compl ete censoring of the internet is contrary to the objective of having it and unhealthy to the people. The main aim of the internet is information sharing among the users and all information about any subject across the world should be accessible from anywhere in the world (Edelman 2). Censoring result to discriminated information sharing and result to the internet falling short of its main objective. This hurt many sector in the world from business to entertainment. Although internet censoring is essential, it should be done up to a certain level where it cause more good than harm to the people. Carter, Wendy. â€Å"How to write a thesis statement.† 2003- July 27, 2010. tadafinallyfinished.com/how-to-write-a-thesis-statement.html Edelman, Benjamin. â€Å"Documentation of Internet Filtering in Saudi Arabia.† July 27, 2010, http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/saudiarabia/ Eid, Gamal. â€Å"The Internet in the Arab World A Space for Repression?† Reports and Pres s Releases. The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information. 2004- July 27, 2010 anhri.net/en/reports/net2004 Garcia_Murillo, M. â€Å"Assessing the impact of Internet Telephony on the deployment of telecommunications infrastructure.† July 27, 2010. http://faculty.ischool.syr.edu/mgarciam/Research/ppr%20IP%20telephonyIEP05.pdf Introduction to Content Filtering. â€Å"What is this service?† July 27, 2010. isu.net.sa/saudi-internet/contenet-filtring/filtring.htm Kenny, Aaron. â€Å"Inside Internet Filtering.† 2009- July 27, 2010, insideinternetfiltering.com/category/government/ Kuwait. â€Å"Research profiles.† July 27, 2010, http://opennet.net/research/profiles/kuwait Saudi Arabia. â€Å"Research Profiles.† July 27, 2010, http://opennet.net/research/profiles/saudi-arabia

The Value of a Listing in Nestle Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Value of a Listing in Nestle - Case Study Example The case study provides four options in order to make a decision concerning the listing of Alcon Company. The CEO of Alcon Company, Brabeck decided to list the company in the stock market so the whole financial world would recognize its value (Desai et al., 2006, p4). The four options that were considered by the stock market decision to list Alcon were Swiss stock market, American Depository Receipt (ADR), U. S. Stock Markets and Dual listing (Swiss and U.S. stock Markets). By using the first option, Swiss Listing, the company can gain a lot and the ROI would be high through the simplification of a relationship between Alcon and Nestle. With the dual listing, the ROI would not be so much high since the company would incur a lot of expenses in registering in both countries. With the U. S. listing, Alcon Company can gain average income since it would not incur a lot of expenses in listing in one country. Finally, the last option, American Depository Receipt (ADR), would not result to high ROI due to the fact that the method is most applicable with foreign companies (Desai et al., 2006, p6-7). The best option would be listing Alcon in Swiss Stock Market. One risk that would be involved by listing the company is Swiss is lack of shareholders to buy the shares of the company. The other risk would disagreement between the top management concerning the listing. One risk that would be involved in lowering the price is that the investors’ may be afraid and prefer to buy the Nestle shares instead. The other risk would be the rejection of the price by both the Nestle Company and the stock market. The alternative plan for this recommendation would be for the Alcon Company to offer the same price for their shares as Nestle Company.

Consumption and its effects on the environment Essay

Consumption and its effects on the environment - Essay Example As members of a family under God, we have to be aware of the environmental decay that is going on because of so-called development. There are many adverse consequences we face because of our use, or abuse, of the environment, and one of these is global warming. Global warming is the biggest threat to our mother Earth and even to our own existence. Our world has gone to the extreme, or, we have excelled in everything. We have invented so many things, we have built wonders and huge structures and buildings never before imagined, and yet we have abandoned proper care for the resources to which we owed our inventions and creations. It is time everyone must be involved in fighting abuse of our environment. Students, artists, workers and everyone should encourage awareness of the environment through art or writing, in school and in our homes. Floods, typhoons, the "el nio" and "la nia" phenomena, global warming, and many other natural calamities are caused by indiscriminate cutting of trees, disposal of garbage and waste, chemicals, factories, and many things. The theme "Consumption and its effects on the environment" can have a broad meaning, but consumption and environment go together. We use our environment, our natural resources for our daily living. can not survive if we don’t make use of the things around us for food, shelter, clothing, and everything for our survival. There is one very interesting about the environment and that is if we know how to take care of it, it replaces itself. Our environment or natural resources do not just disappear from us without a cause, it has the means to multiply. We only have to help in replacing what we have consumed, and not be a tool for its extinction. "Consuming" means taking or possessing, but it doesn't mean throwing away after possessing, and in the process of throwing, we destroy. If we have to throw away because we don't want them anymore, we have to be responsible in disposing of the materials used.

Definition of Data Warehousing Essay Example for Free

Definition of Data Warehousing Essay Search any resource (Books, Web Sites, Papers, etc.) to find three definitions for Data Warehousing. Include the detailed information (Title, authors and the source of the definitions. For example: â€Å"Data warehousing is a collection of decision support technologies, aimed at enabling the knowledge worker (executive, manager, analyst) to make better and faster decisions.† An overview of data warehousing and OLAP technology by S Chaudhuri, U Dayal, from ACM Sigmod record, Volume 26 , Issue 1 (March 1997) Pages: 65 – 74. 1. â€Å"A data warehouse is an integrated and time varying collection of data derived from operational data and primarily used in strategic decision making by means of online analytical processing (OLAP) techniques. † from â€Å"Conceptual data warehouse design† by B. Husemann, J. Lichtenberger, and G. Vossen. Page 1. 2. â€Å"A galactic data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making process about any and all enterprise business processes and departments, and about the enterprise taken as a whole. A business process-oriented data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making process about any and all business processes and their interactions with one another and the external world. A department-oriented data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making process about any and all departments, and their interactions with one another and with the external world.† From DKMS Brief No. Six: Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Warehousing: New Definitions and New Conceptions by Joseph M.Firestone. 3. â€Å"Physically, a data warehouse system consists of databases (source databases, materialized views in the data warehouse), data transport agents that ship data from one database to another, and a repository which stores meta data about the system and its evolution.† From Architecture and Quality in Data warehouses: An Extended Repository Approach by M. Jarke, M. A. Jeusfeld, C. Quix, and P. Vassiliadis. Provide a brief summary to compare the three definitions that you’ve found. Tell me which one is your favorite and why? The first definition explains the components of a data warehouse and also its functionality in a general way. The second definition explains the function of a data warehouse and its components specific to each kind of a data warehouse like decision making with respect to a business module. The third definition explains the components of a data warehouse but does not specify the functionality of a data warehouse. I prefer the second definition over the other two definitions.

Bill Clinton And His Many Problems :: William Jefferson Clinton Essays

Bill Clinton and His Many Problems William Jefferson Clinton was re-elected as president of the United States in 1996. During the last 4 years Bill has had a lot of problems e.g. Whitewater and sex-scandals. Whitewater is a summerhouse-area where Bill and especially his wife, Hillary, a couple of years ago, made some suspicious money-transactions. Right now the case against Hillary Clinton is pau ¬ sed, but the judge thinks a breakthrough might come if a good friend of Hillary and Bill is proved guilty. If he is judged it will be a lot easier to get the Clintons. And now to the sex-scandals; a young girl is right now trying to win a case against Bill Clinton. She claims that the president, when he was governor in Arkansore, came to a hotel where she was a waitress or something like that. He should then have asked her to come to his room later that day. When she arrived he tried to force her to have sex with him. He should also have showed her his thing. She turned him down and he gave up and said that she should forget all about this. That is what she has told, we are still waiting to hear Bill Clinton's statement. Another big problem to Bill is that he has been unable to fulfil those very big promises he gave during his election campaign in 1992. That has given his credibility and the polls a big push down. One of his promises was his health program, the purpose of this was to give people with not so many money a chance to get treated at a hospital. In US you are supposed to pay hospital-bills yourself. It is something like our public health insurance where the government pays for the ho ¬ spitals. In US it is a problem that the poor can not afford the medicine and therefore they sometimes do not get any. This healthprogram was unfortunately voted down by the republican majority in the Congress The US government has also an extreme materialistic way of getting people in work and thereby holding down the unemployment. They simply only give the unemployed a minimum of benefit and they only get it in a very short time. The unemployed are therefore forced to find a job, no matter what they have to do. This policy has also its good sides; the unemployment is very low, the salaries are low and therefore the competitive power is good. Unfortunately for the Americans it has not done anything good for the balance of payments, they still

Evaluate How Practitioners Use Text, Symbols and Compositional Strategies to Construct Meaning in Artworks.

Evaluate how practitioners use text, symbols and compositional strategies to construct meaning in artworks. Artists such as Mexican Frida Kahlo and British Francis Bacon are two 20th Century practitioners who employ text, symbols and compositional strategies to construct meaning about themselves and the wider world in their paintings. Kahlo’s artworks such as he â€Å"Self-Portrait as a Tehuana (Diego in my thoughts)† and â€Å"Henry Ford Hospital 1932† provide an insight of her life and her obsessions with child-bearing and her husband, Diego Rivera.Likewise, Francis Bacon’s â€Å"Three Studies for the Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion† and his â€Å"Self-portrait 1971† conveys the suppression of his sexuality and inhumanity of one man to another. Self-Portrait as a Tehuana (Diego on my thoughts) 1943 Oil On Masonite 29 7/8 † x 24 † Gelman Collection, Mexico City Self-Portrait as a Tehuana (Diego on my thoughts) 1943 Oil On Ma sonite 29 7/8 † x 24 † Gelman Collection, Mexico City Frida Kahlo’s artworks usually construct meaning through compositional strategies including autobiographical references and personal symbolism.Kahlo’s ethnicity also has a significant impact towards her art making practices such as the repetitive themes of life and death. Her excessive fascination towards childbearing and her husband, Diego Rivera was evidently portrayed in her artworks such as her â€Å"Self-Portrait as a Tehuana† and â€Å"Henry Ford Hospital†. Kahlo’s Mexican culture is highly apparent through the traditional Tehuana costume found in her self-portraiture artwork whilst a sense of estrangement and detachment from this culture is manifested in her artwork â€Å"Henry Ford Hospital† through her representation of Detroit where she had experienced her second miscarriage.Kahlo’s life was perceptibly dominated by her obsessive love and constant thought of D iego that is has impacted her artworks thematically. This notion is evident in her self-portrait painting where Diego’s miniature portrait appears on her forehead that literally and metaphorically signifies Diego’s presence in her mind, which was also conveyed in the subtitle of her work â€Å"Diego on my mind†. Diego’s repetitive influence on Kahlo’s work is again presented in another artwork however conveyed in another context.Kahlo’s â€Å"Miscarriage in Detroit (Henry Ford Hospital)†, painted in 1932 elucidated her emotional and physical agonies from her miscarriages within her marriage to Diego. This artwork supports the notion of Frida Kahlo’s infatuation towards child-bearing whereby the six floating images that connects to her lower abdomen by an umbilical cord-looking red lines precisely references to her second miscarriage. Henry Ford Hospital, 1932 Oil on metal 32. 5 x 40. 2 cm Collection Museo Dolores Olmedo Patino, Mexico City. Henry Ford Hospital, 1932 Oil on metal 32. 5 x 40. 2 cm Collection Museo Dolores Olmedo Patino, Mexico City.Kahlo also uses symbolism and texts to convey the depth of her artworks in relationship with her personal emotions and life experiences. The artwork â€Å"Miscarriage in Detroit† evokes the excruciating experience that she had with childbearing whereby the six floating images suggests a sense of detachment and loss of control of her body. It also educes her constant link with Diego through the floating foetus that was named Dieguito meaning â€Å"little Diego†. A snail was used to represent the slow torment and horror of losing a baby while the machine is to symbolise her medical impersonality.Frida’s study of medicine prior to her bus accident enabled her awareness towards the impact of her bus accident to her body and bones. This incident significantly affected Kahlo’s artworks and was evidently revealed in her â€Å"Miscarriage in Detroit† painting where the images of a pelvis and a side-view of a female anatomy represents this event along with an orchid that her husband Diego gave her. The concepts of connection and detachment are both portrayed in this artwork whereby the floating images are â€Å"connected† to her through the umbilical cord-like string connecting to her uterus.This string-like line links the objects to herself advocating its personal connection to Kahlo. The floating images also metaphorically suggest her detachment to the place where she had her second miscarriage. Kahlo also used personal symbolism to convey meaning in her artworks, which was clearly portrayed in her â€Å"Diego on my mind† painting in 1943. Diego’s obvious domination in Kahlo’s life is evident in her artworks where her obsessive love and constant thought of Diego has become a thematic notion in most of her paintings.Diego’s miniature portrait on her forehead indicates her obsessi ve love and constant thought of him. Due to this desperate infatuation of Diego, she painted herself in the costume that he greatly admired to attract and entice him closer to her. The roots of the leaves surrounding her head metaphorically symbolises a pattern of a spider’s web in which she hoped to trap her prey, Diego. The impassive image of Rivera’s face on Kahlo’s forehead however indicates her psychological obsession towards Diego but also of her â€Å"philandering† husband’s tarnished indifference to her feelings.Surrealist artists such as Frida Kahlo evoke the meaning of their artworks through the use of symbols, texts and various compositional strategies. Musee National d’Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris Francis Bacon, a British painter elucidates his personal emotions through abstraction and surrealism which are evident in his artworks such as his â€Å"Self-portrait 1971† and one of his triptych series â€Å"Thr ee Studies for the Figures at the base of Crucifixion† in 1943-1944. Bacon portrays both the suppression of his sexuality and similarly to Kahlo’s feeling of detachment and hostility.His â€Å"Self-portrait 1971† conveys a provocative and disturbing representation of Bacon, one which embodies the painter’s strong feelings of despair and vulnerability that was possibly caused by the suicidal death of his lover Dyer during the same year. This distorted image of himself intensified with his use of broad-brush strokes, as well as the dark colours which are made harsher and more prominent but the added whites and blues. His emotionless state and detachment from the audience was symbolised through his blackened eyes thus also conveying his constant motif of death and â€Å"silent screams†.The name of his artwork is somewhat ironical towards his painting as the text states that it is a self-portrait however, it was distorted and perhaps metaphorically refe rring to his emphasis to the suppression of his sexuality. Bacon’s artwork â€Å"Three Studies for the Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion† in 1943-1944 summarises themes explored in his previous paintings, including his examination of Picasso's biomorphs and his interpretations of the Crucifixion and the Greek Furies.Bacon did not realise his original intention to paint a large crucifixion scene and place the figures at the foot of the cross. The structure of the artworks when put together does not convey any commonality thus further emphasising his personal emotions towards the feelings of displacement. The brightness and contrasting colours used in this artwork signifies the chaotic environment that he was in. The third image illustrates an open and gaping mouth as if it was screaming out of pain.This idea references back to his childhood and the suppression of his sexuality. The screaming object in the painting is a representation of Bacon’s emotions during the times when homosexuality was a crucial topic to the society. The artists Francis Bacon and Frida Kahlo both convey the meaning of their artworks with references to their personal life experiences through the use of symbols, texts and compositional strategies.

Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent

Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent From Wisped, the free encyclopedia Part of a series on the Culture of India History People Languages Mythology and folklore[show] Cuisine Festivals Religion Art[show] Literature[show] Music and performing arts[show] Media[show] Sport Monuments[show] Symbols[show] Culture portal India portal Bronze Vishnu Gain figure of Thirthankarasuparshvanath, 14th century, marble One of the first representations of the Buddha, 1st-2nd century CE, Kandahar The first known sculpture in the Indian subcontinent is from the Indus Valley civilization (3300-1700 SC), found in sites at Enjoy-dare and Harp in modern- ay Pakistan. These include the famous small bronze female dancer.However such figures in bronze and stone are rare and greatly outnumbered by pottery figurines and stone seals, often of animals or deities very finely depicted. After the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization there is little record of sculpture until the Buddhist era, apart from a hoard o f copper figures of (somewhat controversially) c. 1500 BCC from Diamond. [l] Thus the great tradition of Indian monumental sculpture in stone appears to begin relatively late, with the reign of Soak from 270 to 232 BCC, and he Pillars of Shook he erected around India, carrying his edicts and topped by famous sculptures of animals, mostly lions, of which six survive. 2] Large amounts of figurative sculpture, mostly in relief, survive from Early Buddhist pilgrimage status, above all Ashcan; these probably developed out of a tradition using wood that also embraced Hinduism. [3] During the 2nd to 1st century BCC in far northern India, in the Greece-Buddhist art of Kandahar from what is now southern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan, sculptures became more explicit, representing episodes of the Buddha life and teachings. Although India had a long sculptural tradition and a mastery of rich iconography, the Buddha was never represented in human form before this time, but only through some of his symbols. This may be because Ghanaian Buddhist sculpture in modern Afghanistan displays Greek and Persian artistic influence.Artistically, the Ghanaian school of sculpture is said to have contributed wax. Y hair, drapery covering both shoulders, shoes and sandals, acanthus leaf decorations, etc. The pink sandstone Hindu, Gain and Buddhist sculptures of Mature from the 1st to 3rd centuries CE fleeted both native Indian traditions and the Western influences received through the Greece-Buddhist art of Kandahar, and effectively established the basis for subsequent Indian religious sculpture. [4] The style was developed and diffused through most of India under the Guppy Empire (c. Which remains a â€Å"classical† period for Indian sculpture, covering the earlier Lealer Caves,[5] though the Elephant Caves are probably slightly later. 6] Later large scale sculpture remains almost exclusively religious, and generally rather conservative, often reverting to simple frontal stand ing poses for deities, though the attendant spirits such as papayas and yaks often have sensuously curving poses. Carving is often highly detailed, with an intricate backing behind the main figure in high relief. The celebrated bronzes of the Chula dynasty (c. 850-1250) Portsmouth India, many designed to be carried in processions, include the iconic form of Shiva as Natural, [7] with the massive granite carvings of Manipulator dating from the previous Papilla dynasty. [8] The â€Å"dancing girl of Enjoy Dare†, 3rd millennium BCC (replica) Shook Pillar, Visalia, Briar, c. 50 BCC Stump gateway at Ashcan, c. 100 CE or perhaps earlier, with densely packed relief Hindu Guppy terracotta relief, 5th century CE, of Krishna Killing the Horse Demon Skies Buddha from Saran's, 5-6th century CE Hindu, Chula period, 1000 Marble Sculpture of female yaks in typical curving pose, c. 1450, Restaurants The Colossal tritium at the Elephant Caves Typical medieval frontal standing statue falloffs, 950-1150 In Khartoum Rock-cut temples at Lealer Copular of the Tail Natural Temple, Catamaran, Tamil Undue, densely packed with rows of painted statues Contents [hide] 1 Greece-Buddhist art 2 See also 3 Gallery 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further readingGreece-Buddhist art[edit source I editable] Greece-Buddhist art is the artistic manifestation of Greece-Buddhism, a cultural synthetics between the Classical Greek culture and Buddhism, which developed over a period of close to 1000 years in Central Asia, between the conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCC, and the Islamic conquests of the 7th century CE. Greece-Buddhist art is characterized by the strong idealistic realism of Hellenic art and the first representations of the Buddha in human form, which have helped define the artistic (and particularly, sculptural) canon for Buddhist art throughout the Asian continent up to the present. Though dating is uncertain, it appears that strongly Hellenic styles lingered in the E ast for several centuries after they had declined around the Mediterranean, as late as the 5th century CE.Some aspects of Greek art were adopted while others did not spread beyond the Greece- Buddhist area; in particular the standing figure, often with a relaxed pose and one leg flexed, and the flying cupids or victories, who became popular across Asia as papayas. Greek foliage decoration was also influential, with Indian versions of the Corinthian capital appearing. 9] The origins of Greece-Buddhist art are to be found in the Hellenic Greece-Bacteria kingdom (250 BCC – 130 BCC), located in today's Afghanistan, from which Hellenic culture radiated into the Indian subcontinent with the establishment of the small Indo-Greek kingdom (180 BCC-II BCC).Under the Indo-Greeks and then the Khans, the interaction of Greek and Buddhist culture flourished in the area of Kandahar, in today's northern Pakistan, before spreading further into India, influencing the art of Mature, and then th e Hindu art of the Guppy empire, which was to extend to the rest of South-East Asia. The influence of Greece-Buddhist art also spread northward towards Central Asia, strongly affecting the art of the Atari Basin and the Dunging Caves, and ultimately the sculpted figure in China, Korea, and Japan. [10] Kandahar frieze with devotees, hallucinating leaves, in purely Hellenic style, inside Corinthian columns, 1st-2nd century CE. Bunker, Swat, Pakistan. Victoria and Albert Museum Fragment of the wind god Borers, Haddam,Afghanistan.Coin of Demerits I of Bacteria, who reigned circa 200-180 BC and invaded Northern India Buddha head from Haddam, Afghanistan, 3rd-4th centuries Kandahar Poseidon (Ancient Orient Museum) The Buddhist gods Pancake (left) and Harriet(right), 3rd century, Kandahar Taller Buddha of Banyan, c. 547 AD. , in 1963 and in 2008 after they were dynamited and destroyed in March 2001 by the Taliban Statue from a Buddhist monastery 700 AD,Afghanistan See also[edit source I ed itable] Sculptures of Bangladesh Gallery[edit source I editable] Marble stone work, Jailers Gain Temple,Restaurants Seated Changes, sandstone sculpture from Restaurants, India, 9th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts yellow sandstone Sculpture of a Standing deity,11 the century CE,RestaurantsAsia and Africa Indian sculpture Buddhist sculpture Fife and Benign Europe Renaissance in Europe Baroque 18th century Africa and Oceania To be completed HISTORY OF SCULPTURE Timeline More Sharing Serviceable Share on backlasher on milkshake on forefathers on print World Cities Discover in a free daily email today's famous history and birthdays Enjoy the Famous Daily Indian sculpture: from the 3rd century BC The lively traditions of Indian sculpture date back to the first Indian empire, that of the Marry dynasty. Sculptors begin to carve characters and scenes from the stories of Indian's three interconnected animism. Religions -Hinduism, Bud deism and to a lesser extent Read more:http://www. Histor ically. Net/world's/Plenipotentiaries. Asp?Paragraphed=tidbits sculpture: 5th – 6th century AD Buddhism moves out of India and into Afghanistan (where the two great rock-carved Buddha of Banyan, from the 6th century, reveal the influence Afghanistan until destroyed by Taliban in 2001). It then continues east along thesis Arrowheads China. Paragraphed=edge#ixzz2c6zKdbCoForms Of Sculptures In India Indian sculptures of numerous sorts have evolved gradually. Since pre-historic era, the sculptures are everyday soaring new dimensions on India. Indian sculptures offer a truly diverse variety. The creation of sculptures aimed at fabrication of an undying piece of art which is long-lasting.As the sculptures of India Journeyed various eras and witnessed various dynasties, there is a vast variety seen among them in terms of styles and materials used. Sculptures of the Indus Valley The story of Indian art and sculpture dates back to the Indus valley civilization of the 2nd and 3rd mille nnium BC. Tiny terra-cotta seals discovered from the valley reveal carvings of appeal leaves, deities and animals. These elemental shapes of stones or seals were enshrined and worshipped by the people of the civilization. Two other objects that were excavated from the ruins of the Indus valley indicate the level of achievement that Indian art had attained in those days. The bust of a priest in limestone and a bronze dancing girl show tremendous sophistication and artistry.In the 1st century AD, the position changed somewhat radically in art and sculpture. The human figure replaced the symbolic representation of Buddha and his teachings. Though Buddha opposed the idea of idol worship, his cult image was established and became essential for acts of worship. The Mature and the Kandahar schools of sculpture imparted human form to Buddha image. To emphasis his divinity, this human form was depicted with features like a halo around the head, the drachma's engraved upon his palms and soles of his feet, and the lion throne representing his royal ancestry. These early stone images of Buddha are awe-inspiring in terms of size and magnificence.The link between dance, drama, literature and art became crucial to aesthetic expressionism in centuries to come. This new era in art and sculpture witnessed a unique fusion, a synthesis embodied in the caves at Junta and Lealer and the temples of central and South India. Located north-east of Bombay, near Arranged, Junta and Lealer are two astonishing series of temples ca centuries. Khartoum out of living rock over the course of fourteen The tranquil town of Khartoum, in the central state of Madhya Pradesh boasts of the best medieval temples in India, known all over the world for their erotic sculptures. These glorious temples are the state's most famous attraction.Amid green lawns and brilliant pink flowers is a complex of temples, glowing with the armor of sandstone and ornamented with the sinuous curves of sculpture unparallele d in their beauty. Out of the 85 temples built originally, only 22 survive today. These temples were created by the Candela rulers in the Indo-Aryan style. Elephant Caves The most profound aspect of the mighty Shiva is in evidence at the Shiva temple in the Elephant caves. Situated near Bombay, these caves present an introduction to some most exquisitely carved temples. One can witness a symphony in stone in praise of Lord Shiva, created by Indian's expert stone carvers of the sixth century.

History of Basketball Essay Example

History of Basketball Essay Example History of Basketball Essay History of Basketball Essay History of Basketball Essay Sample Basketball originated in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, by a Canadian PE teacher named James Naismith. Naismith was teaching at the YMCA training school (now Springfield College) at the time, and under the supervision of PE expert Luther Halsey Gulick, came up with a spirited and strenuous indoor activity, basketball. Initially, teams had 9 players, and the objective of the game was to throw the leather ball into fruit baskets that hung from a balcony. At first, the Janitor had to fetch the ball from the basket every time someone scored, but they eventually decided to remove the ottoms from the baskets. It wasnt until 1906 that the metal hoops with nets and backboards, that we know today, were introduced. Initially, James Naismith published 13 rules for the new game of basketball, and the first public game was played in Springfield in 1892. From there, it began to gain national, and even international, attention and popularity. During World War l, the US Army spread basketball to other countries, and the YMCA also played a significant role in the sport becoming prevalent. The first professional league, the National Basketball League, was founded in 1898, but this league was abandoned in 1904. After that, college basketball came to the forefront and led the way to bringing basketball into the realm of mainstream national sports. Then in 1949, the National Basketball Association (NBA) was formed, merging the National Basketball League (NBL) and the Basketball Association of America (BAA). A new league, the American Basketball Association, originated in 1967 as an alternative to the NBA. Although it achieved some great successes, it struggled in terms of earning and recognition. It was eventually incorporated into the NBA in 1976, and its 4 most successful teams became a part of the NBA. Some of the most amous teams in the NBA include the Boston Celtics, the Chicago Bulls, the Los Angeles Lakers, and the New York Knicks. The NBA still exists, and not only that, but it is the most important professional basketball league, in terms of popularity, prestige, earnings, talent, and competition level, attracting the best players from around the world. Some of the most famous players in the history of basketball include Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant , Magic Johnson, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and Shaquille ONeal. In 1996, the Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) was formed, as the womens equivalent to the NBA. In terms of international associations and competitions, the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) defines the rules of international basketball and regulates the relocation of players across countries. 00 plus national federations, organized into 5 zones: Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania, are members. The FIBA Basketball World Cup is held every 4 years, as is the FIBA World Championship for Women, in the same year, but in a different location. inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1959. From its humble beginnings in a school gymnasium, basketball has developed into a popular and prestigious international sport.

13 Hottest College Kids From TV Series

13 Hottest College Kids From TV Series Get ready to experience one of the hottest line ups of college kid television series actors you’re likely to find online. Enjoy!  «Gossip Girl » #1: Vanessa Abrams A sizzling aura, alluring, an exotic young woman and those eyes paired with her raven black hair†¦Vanessa’s inches from too much. #2: Chuck Bass Debonair, malicious charm, and that Wall Street bad boy appeal! This guy makes just about any suit look utterly ground breaking. #3: Nate Archibald Is he even human?! It’s like a group of mad scientists got together and created the perfect mix of dangerous modern looks and timeless angelic features.  «Pretty Little Liars » #4: Toby Cavanaugh Flat out, Toby has perhaps one of the most interesting faces in existence, perfectly accentuated by that razor sharp chin and those penetrating eyes. #5: Emily Fields A melting pot of cultural beauty with a simmering youthful charm that can handle any dress, and win over any situation with her perfectly curated smile.  «Teen Wolf » #6: Scott McCall One second he’s the cutest preppy boy ever, then suddenly he transforms himself into a snarling bundle of beefcake!  «One Tree Hill » #7: Lydia Martin The sweetest, most luscious slice of carrot cake with legs†¦mhm mhm mhm girl! Sharp features with that red hear and her big pool-like eyes; so gorgeous. #8: Lucas Scott It’s like all the sexiest things about the late 80’s coagulated into a suave and sophisticated frat boy.  «The Carrie Diaries » #9: Jill Mouse Chen A living, breathing fantasy. At the drop of a hat she can go from sexy nerd to classy Asian sophistication. #10: Sebastian Kydd His lips are Adonis-like, he’s tall and a bit lanky but once his smile begins pulling you in you’ll get smoldered into melted butter in seconds.  «90210 » #11: Navid Shirazi Savvy, sleek, exotic manliness†¦hold the phone! Navid is an ambassador of sexy†¦with a spotless smile and soft complexion. #12: Naomi Clark Oh she’s naughty, a ball of molten fire with a great body, legs you could fall asleep holding and a near flawless sense of style-attitude.  «Friday Night Lights » #13: Tim Riggins Sigh†¦short hair looks better†¦wait no, long. Wait†¦ jeans or suit†¦too hard! He’s hot in everything he wears and with every look his face is possible of making. Image credit: Pinterest.com

Policy of Hong Kong in Healthcare System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Policy of Hong Kong in Healthcare System - Essay Example The paper presents that in the era of globalization and advanced technical knowhow countries are making significant reforms in their various sectors. In such a respect Hong Kong is also not left behind. The country has made a number of alterations within the healthcare sector. The reforms have been directed towards providing better health care services to the country’s citizens. The Department of Health is entrusted with framing policies for country’s healthcare care services and also to facilitate efficient allocation of resources. It has implemented new policies and modified existing policies. Several modifications have been made in healthcare practices and management. New pricing policy has been introduced in Hong Kong healthcare sector. The country in 2002 has introduced charges for patients who are admitted in hospitals under emergency situation or after meeting with an accident. The reforms have lead to noticeable reduction in death rates and increased life expect ancies. Better treatment is available from efficient health care professionals at a considerably low cost. Keeping this at the backdrop the current paper tends to present a critical review of the pricing policy that has been implemented for the health care system of Hong Kong. The public hospitals and clinics in Hong Kong receive a good amount of subsidies from the government so as to provide medical treatment to the citizens at the lowest possible cost. The government despite such high quality medical care has imposed low rates of taxes. However government is expected to bear the burden of expensive medical facilities which is likely to increase in the upcoming years. The estimates have shown a continuous increase in governmental expenditure for health care (Development and Financing of Hong Kong’s Future Health Care, 2007). Pricing Policy of Hong Kong Healthcare System Health care services in Hong Kong are considered to be a mixed one. The public sector has taken up the res ponsibility to give 92 percent of the hospital services. About 85 percent of primary care is provided by the private sector. Most people approach public hospitals for complex diseases in Hong Kong mainly due to the low cost of treatment (Fitzner, Coughlin, Timori and Bennett, 2000). The fees charged by public health care institutions in Hong Kong are very much less compared to other countries. Government has imposed strict regulations on these public sector fees. However patients have a hard time trying to get to the physician. The healthcare system is very time consuming. Patients have to pay a high cost in terms of inconvenience and time consuming treatment. Physicians often send their patients to emergency department in order to get a simple diagnostic test done. The emergency department remains filled with such patients depriving the actual needy ones from proper treatment (Hay, 1992, pp.35-36). However medical treatment for diseases like tuberculosis is performed free of cost. However to make such a low cost medical system sustainable for the country is a major challenge before the government (Hong Kong (China), 2010). It is becoming increasingly difficult for the government to meet the expenses of such low cost medical treatment. Recent economic predictions have shown increase in tax rates to finance healthcare needs. Such a pricing policy under health care system have made even the richer sections rush to public hospitals for treatment. The demand for such health care facilities has been continuously growing (Hay, 1992, p.51). Clearly Hong Kong has adopted a non- interventional for its public healthcare system. The pricing policy was aimed at providing medical facilities to those sections of population that cannot afford medical treatment elsewhere. Reforms have also been made in the structure of funds in Hong Kong to adopt such

Criminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Criminal justice - Essay Example The application of GIS will increase and enhance criminal analysis capacities and law enforcement operation. Law enforcement agencies have been using GIS since early 1970s (Albert & Leipnik, 2003). In 1970s, technological advancements in the field of computers made computerized pin mapping available only to large police agencies. These systems were complex and required mainframe computers in order to be operational. The development of client server technology in 1980s made it possible for GIS to be obtainable at inexpensive cost. However, it was in 1990s when GIS technology progressed because of strong, efficient personal computers that were capable of handling considerable amounts of data. When implementing GIS, the organization will require efficient and enhanced computer systems to manage the rising number of records in their database. It will be essential to provide the staff with consistent power backup, archival gadgets and software, good quality printer having the ability to give color prints, user responsive GIS mapping software (Asbell, 2003). The law enforcement agency will be required to buy and install several copies of the mapping and provide it to the crime analyst. Advance computer networks will be required in order to connect to its own local network as well as countrywide network in order to distribute and share the data in all the existing departments of the organization (Burns, Leipnik, & Evans, 2003). This will enable all crime analysts to exchange data and examine all the reports. The computer system has to be aided with Computer Dispatch System to make the records management efficient and operational (Messina & May, 2003). The purpose of GIS is to successfully handle and control resources; offer enhanced and improved situational alertness, make more knowledgeable and up to date assessments in an appropriate manner, increase planned and functional planning, effective communication, understanding the crime in a

How leadership can be pivotal to creating high performance clinical Essay

How leadership can be pivotal to creating high performance clinical teams - Essay Example From time immemorial, the success or failure of an organisation or any other human activity depends on the role, the leader plays. The leader is the one who can lead humans under him/her to ‘heaven’ or ‘hell’. If the leader follows a set of traits he/ she can ‘sprinkle’ success on many lives, including the workers in his/her organisation as well as other people who are under their care. A leader will normally take over or preside over or manage an existing organisation. That is, the building or recruiting of the ‘group’ of workers as well as the installation of infrastructure, set up etc, would have already taken place, with the leader only leading and managing the organisation and servicing the people or customers. This job of taking an existing set up and managing it, brings in set of challenges, which can be taken care by formulating certain strategies or solutions. That is, challenges can be overcome by the leaders themselves by implementing the various leadership styles according to the situations and needs. Leadership is considered as the art of motivating and leading a specific group of people to function in a certain optimal way, to achieve the set targets. A competent and able leader can actualize an apt working environment for the employees including nurses in a healthcare setting, according to the needs to the situation. Needs of the situation in the sense, in an organisation the situations, targets and even the obstacles will not be the same. Each day organisations including health care organisations would need to set new goals, face new challenges and so initiate new processes. A leader consciously or unconsciously adapts any one of the leadership styles according to the processes or situations. Then with the adapted and relevant leadership style, the leader can adjust the employees to the new processes. Leaders

Mental and Behavioral Health Services Essay Example for Free

Mental and Behavioral Health Services Essay While the future of Mental and Behavioral Health Services continue to strive through many striving goals to develop continuous practices, treatments, evaluations, policies, and research, advancements are taking place to better the future of this program and its outreach to the people. Mental disorders are common in the United States and internationally. An estimated 26.2 percent of Americans ages 18 and older — about one in four adults — suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year.1 When applied to the 2004 U.S. Census residential population estimate for ages 18 and older, this figure translated to 57.7 million people.2 Even though mental disorders are common in the population, the main load of illness is concentrated in a much smaller proportion — about 6 percent, or 1 in 17 — who are suffering from a serious mental illness.1 In addition, mental disorders are the leading cause of disability in the U.S. and Canada.3 Many people suffer from mo re than one mental disorder at a given time. Roughly, 45 percent of those with any mental disorder meet the criteria for being strongly related to having 2 or more disorders.1 Awareness of having a disorder is very uncommon in the U.S. DEFINED FUTURE PROBLEMS Behavioral health is a state of mental/emotional being and/or choices and actions that affect wellness. Substance abuse and misuse are one set of behavioral health problems. Others include, but are not limited to, serious psychological distress, suicide, and mental illness (4. SAMHSA, 2011). Many of these problems are far-reaching and take a toll on individuals, their families and communities, and the broader society. Research allows us to get a better picture of what the future looks like and what people need to be continuing to do and improve on. By looking over research, statistics predict that by 2020, mental and substance use disorders will exceed all physical diseases as a major cause of disability worldwide. The annual total estimated societal cost of substance abuse in the United States is $510.8 billion, with an estimated 23.5 million Americans aged 12 and older needing treatment for substance use. Along with that, every year almost 5,000 people under the age of 21 die as a result of underage drinking and more than 34,000 Americans die every year as a result of suicide, almost one every 15 minutes. Also, Half of all lifetime cases of mental and substance use disorders begin by age 14 and three-fourths by age 24—in 2008, an estimated 9.8 million adults in the U.S. had a serious mental illness. The health and wellness of individuals in America are jeopardized and the unnecessary costs to society flow across Americas communities, schools, businesses, prisons jails, and healthcare delivery systems. Many programs and services are working together to minimize the impact of substance abuse and mental illnesses on America’s communities. Many practitioners have a very deep understanding approach to behavioral health and perceive prevention as part of an overall continuum of care. The Behavioral Health Continuum of Care Model helps us recognize that there are multiple opportunities for addressing behavioral health problems and disorders based on the Mental Health Intervention Spectrum, first introduced in a 1994 Institute of Medicine report, the model includes these components: ( It is important to keep in mind that interventions do not always fit neatly into one category or another) * Promotion: These strategies are designed to create environments and conditions that support behavioral health and the ability of individuals to withstand challenges. Promotion strategies also reinforce the entire continuum of behavioral health services. * Prevention: Delivered prior to the onset of a disorder, these interventions are intended to prevent or reduce the risk of developing a behavioral health problem, such as underage alcohol use, prescription drug misuse and abuse, and illicit drug use. * Treatment: These services are for people diagnosed with a substance use or other behavioral health disorder. * Maintenance: These services support individuals’ compliance with long-term treatment and aftercare. Two strategies for promoting the more important and most effective openings in having access to mental and behavioral health services include providing education to reach the public, and the prevention and early intervention matters intertwining with the Continuum model components of treatment and maintenance. 7 The New Freedom Commission Report and Surgeon General’s Report both emphasized the importance of changing public attitudes to eliminate the stigma associated with mental illness. Advocates for the mentally ill identify stigma and discrimination as major impediments to treatment. Stigma prevents individuals from acknowledging these conditions and erodes public confidence that mental disorders are treatable. A plurality of Americans believe that mental illnesses are just like any other illness; however, 25 percent of survey respondents would not welcome into their neighborhoods facilities that treat or house people with mental illnesses, suggesting that some level of lingering stigma persists.8 Sixty-one percent of Americans think that people with schizophrenia are likely to be dangerous to others9 despite research suggesting that these individuals are rarely violent.10 With that being said, the media plays a large role in shaping how the youth think and behave from many of the messages kids receive from television, music, magazines, billboards, and the Internet use. However, the media can be used to encourage positive behaviors as well. Four evidence based communication and education prevention approaches are through public education, social marketing, media advocacy, and media literacy that can be used to â€Å"influence community norms, increase public awareness, and attract community support for a variety of prevention issues† (SAMHSA). Public education is usually the most common strategy and is an effective way to show support to the development and success of programs and increase awareness about new or existing laws, publicizing a community based program, and reinforce instruction taught in schools or community based organizations. Through social marketing, practitioners use advertising philosophies to change social norms and promote healthy behaviors. Social marketing campaigns do more than just provide information and tries to convince people to adopt a new behavior by showing them a benefit they will receive in return.11 Social marketing campaigns are being used in a variety of social services and public health settings. Media advocacy involves shaping the way social issues are discussed in the media to build support for changes in public policy. By working directly with local newspapers, television, and radio to change both the amount of coverage the media provide and the content of that coverage, media advocates hope to influence the way people talk and think about a social or public policy12. Media literacy is a newer communications strategy aimed at teaching young people critical-viewing skills. Media literacy programs teach kids how to analyze and understand the media messages they encounter so they can better understand what they’re really being asked to do and think. Inferences about a program effectiveness relies on three things: (1) measures of key constructs, such as risk and protective factors or processes, symptoms, disorders, or other outcomes, and program implementation, fidelity, or participation; (2) a study design that determines which participants are being examined, how and when they will be assessed, and what interventions they will receive; and (3) statistical analyses that model how those given an intervention differ on outcomes compared with those in a comparison condition 19 In the past, practitioners and researchers saw substance abuse prevention different from the prevention of other behavioral health problems. But evidence indicates that the populations are significantly affected by these overlapping problems as well as factors that contribute to these problems. Therefore, improvements in one area usually have direct impacts on the other. According to the Substance Abuse and National Health Services Administration, not all people or populations are at the same risk of developing behavioral health problems. Many young people have more than one behavioral disorder. These disorders can interact and contribute to the presence of other disorders. Besides extensive research documenting strong relations between multiple problems, it’s not always clear what leads to what. Mental and physical health is also connected. Good mental health often contributes to good physical health. In the same way, the presence of mental health disorders, including substance abuse and dependence, is often associated with physical health disorders as well (OConnell, 2009). One major advancement that has been recently made is from The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, adding a new search feature to its National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices (NREPP) Web site. The feature allows users to identify NREPP interventions that have been evaluated in comparative effectiveness research studies. Both the Obama Administration and the U.S. Congress have championed additional investments in comparative effectiveness research to enhance public understanding about which healthcare interventions are most effective in different circumstances and with different patients. The new NREPP feature can provide added information for States and communities seeking to determine which mental health and substance abuse prevention and treatment interventions may best address their needs. The Surgeon General’s notes that â€Å"effective interventions help people to understand that mental disorders are not character flaws but are legitimate illnesses that respond to specific treatments, just as other health conditions respond to medical interventions.† (7) The two major influences that are targeted upon are risk and protective factors. According to SAMHSAs levels of risk and interventions, some risk factors are causal; others act as â€Å"proxies†, or markers of an underlying problem. Some risk and protective factors, such as gender and ethnicity, are fixed, meaning they don’t change over time. Other risk and protective factors are considered variable: these can change over time. Variable risk factors include income level, peer group, and employment status. Many factors influence a person’s likeliness to develop a substance abuse or related behavioral health problem. Effective prevention focuses on reducing those risk factors, and str engthening those protective factors, that are most closely related to the problem being addressed. Taken into consideration that preventive interventions are most effective when they are appropriately matched to their target population’s level of risk, The Institute of Medicine defines three broad types of prevention interventions, universal, selective, and indicated. Universal preventive interventions take the broadest approach, targeting â€Å"the general public or a whole population that has not been identified on the basis of individual risk† (OConnell, 2009). Universal prevention interventions might target schools, whole communities, or workplaces. Selective preventive interventions target â€Å"individuals or a population sub-group whose risk of developing mental disorders [or substance abuse disorders] is significantly higher than average†, prior to the diagnosis of a disorder (5. OConnell, 2009). Selective interventions target biological, psychological, or social risk factors that are more prominent among high-risk groups than among the wider population. Indicated preventive interventions target â€Å"high-risk individuals who are identified as having minimal but detectable signs or symptoms foreshadowing mental, emotional, or behavioral disorder† prior to the diagnosis of a disorder (6. IOM, 2009). Interventions focus on the immediate risk and protective factors present in the environments surrounding individuals. A more harsher or serious way of approaching prevention is through policy adoption and enforcement. Policy can be broadly defined as â€Å"standards for behavior that are formalized to some degree (that is, written) and embodied in rules, regulations, and procedures.†13 In order to work, these standards must reflect the accepted norms and intentions of a particular community. There are six major types of policy SAMHSA uses to prevent alcohol and other drug use through economic policies, restrictions on access and availability, restrictions on location and density, deterrence, restricting use, and limiting the marketing of alcohol products. Policy can be an effective prevention strategy—as long as the laws and regulations you put in place are consistent with community norms and beliefs about the â€Å"rightness† or â€Å"wrongness† of the behavior you want to legislate14. â€Å"The key to effective enforcement is visibility: People need to see that substance use prevention is a community priority and that violations of related laws and regulations will not be tolerated.† 6 Strategies that we use today for Enforcement are through surveillance, community policing, having incentives, and penalties, fines, and detentions. There have been many areas of progress in preventive intervention research since the 1994 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research. Experimental research has greatly improved mainly due to the advances in the methodological approaches applied to intervention research. For a range of outcomes, while the different types of intervention research has increased, so has the number of studies providing economic analyses in the costs and benefits of these interventions. As the 2001 U.S. Surgeon General’s report on children’s mental health indicated, there is a current need for improved and expanded mental health services for children and adolescents (15). There is a greater need for greater access to a variety of mental health services for children including both medication for emotional or behavioral difficulties and treatments other than medication. Recent research studies have documented the increased use of psychotropic medications (16). Less is known, though, about the use of nonmedication treatments for the emotional and behavioral difficulties of U.S. children. These treatments may include community-based services such as behavioral and family therapy provided by mental health professionals in clinic and office settings and school-based services such as assessments of mental health problems, individual counseling, and crisis intervention services for students (17,18). With the information collected by the mental health service questions in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), it will be possible to monitor future trends in the use of both medication and other treatments for the emotional and behavioral difficulties of children. Recommended changes by the Surgeon General include: †¢ improve geographic access; †¢ integrate mental health and primary care; †¢ ensure language access; †¢ coordinate and integrate mental health services for high-need populations. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001) 1. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 2005 Jun;62(6):617-27. 2. U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates by Demographic Characteristics. Table 2: Annual Estimates of the Population by Selected Age Groups and Sex for the United States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2004 (NC-EST2004-02) Source: Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau Release Date: June 9, 2005. http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ 3. The World Health Organization. The global burden of disease: 2004 update, Table A2: Burden of disease in DALYs by cause, sex and income group in WHO regions, estimates for 2004. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2008. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_AnnexA.pdf. 4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2011). Leading change: A plan for SAMHSA’s roles and actions 2011-2014. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA. 5. O’Connell, M. E., Boat, T., Warner, K. E. (Eds.). (2009). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 6. Compton, M. T. (2009). Clinical Manual of Prevention in Mental Health (1st ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. 7.. U.S. DHHS. 1999. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. 8. Pescosolido, B. et al. 2000.Americans’ Views of Mental Health and Illness at the Century’s End: Continuity and Change. Public Report on the MacArthur Mental Health Module, 1996 General Social Survey. Bloomington, Indiana. 9. Steadman, H.J. et al. 1998.Violence by People Discharged from Acute Psychiatric Inpatient Facilities and by Others in the Same Neighborhoods. Archives of General Psychiatry 55 (5): 393–401. 10. Borinstein,A.B. 1992. Public Attitudes Toward Persons with Mental Illness. Health Affairs 11 (3): 186–96. 11. Kotler, P. and Roberto, E. (1989). Social marketing: Strategies for changing pubic behavior. New York: Free Press. 12. Wallack, L., Dorfman, L., Jernigan, D., and Themba, M. (1993). Media advocacy and public health: Power for prevention. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 13. Bruner, C. and Chavez, M. (1996). Getting to the grassroots: Neighborhood organizing and mobilization. Des Moines, IA: NCSI Clearinghouse. CSAP Community Partnerships (unpublished document). 14. Bruner, C. (1991). Thinking collaboratively: Ten questions and answers to help policy makers improve children’s services. Washington, DC: Education and Human Services Consortium 15. U.S. Public Health Service. Report of the Surgeon General’s Conference on Children’s Mental Health: A National Action Agenda. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services. 2000. 16. Martin A, Leslie D. Trends in psychotropic medication costs for children and adolescents, 1997–2000. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 157:997–1004. 2003. 17. Steele RG, Roberts MC (Eds.). Handbook of mental health services for children, adolescents, and families. New York: Springer, 2005. 18. Foster S, Rollefson M, Doksum T, Noonan D, Robinson G, Teich J. School Mental Health Services in the United States, 2002–2003. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 05–4068. Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2005 19. Committee on the Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse Among Children, Youth and Young Adults: Research Advances and Promising Interventions, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council. 10 Advances in Prevention Methodology. Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009.